1、Guide to Concrete RepairReported by ACI Committee 546ACI 546R-14First PrintingSeptember 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-933-4Guide to Concrete RepairCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any
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10、 documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 C
11、ountry Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis guide presents recommendations for the selection and appli-cation of materials and methods for repairing, protecting, and strengthening concrete structures. An overview of materials and methods
12、is presented as a guide for selecting a particular applica-tion. References are provided for obtaining in-depth information on the selected materials or methods.Keywords: anchorage; coating; concrete repair; joint sealant; placement; polymer; protective systems; repair materials; structural strength
13、ening.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 21.1Guide use, p. 21.2Repair methodology, p. 21.3Sustainability, p. 6CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 6CHAPTER 3CONCRETE REMOVAL AND SURFACE PREPARATION, p. 63.1Introduction, p. 63.2Concrete removal, p. 63.3Surface preparation, p. 143.4Quality control and assurance, p
14、. 17CHAPTER 4REPAIR MATERIALS, p. 174.1Introduction, p. 174.2Concrete replacements and overlays, p. 174.3Crack repair materials, p. 274.4Bonding materials, p. 314.5Coatings on reinforcement, p. 324.6Reinforcement, p. 324.7Material selection, p. 33CHAPTER 5CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT REPAIR TECHNIQUES
15、, p. 345.1Introduction, p. 345.2Crack repair, p. 345.3Concrete replacement, p. 375.5Anchorage, p. 445.6Quality control and assurance, p. 45CHAPTER 6PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS, p. 466.1Introduction and selection factors, p. 466.2Typical problems that can be mitigated with protec-tion systems, p. 466.3Total s
16、ystem concept, p. 476.4Surface treatments, p. 48John S. Lund, Chair David W. Whitmore, SecretaryACI 546R-14Guide to Concrete RepairReported by ACI Committee 546James Peter BarlowMichael M. ChehabMarwan A. DayeMichael J. GarlichPaul E. GaudetteTimothy R. W. GillespieYelena S. GolodFred R. GoodwinHara
17、ld G. GreveRon HeffronRobert F. JoyceLawrence F. KahnBrian F. KeaneBenjamin LavonKenneth M. LozenJames E. McDonaldMyles A. MurrayJay H. PaulRichard C. ReedJohan L. SilfwerbrandJoe SolomonMichael M. SprinkelRonald R. StankieJoseph E. TomesDavid A. VanOckerAlexander M. VaysburdKurt WagnerPatrick M. Wa
18、tsonMark V. ZieglerConsulting MembersPeter EmmonsNoel P. MailvaganamKevin A. MicholsRichard MontaniDon T. PyleACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals
19、 who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall n
20、ot be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by th
21、e Architect/Engineer.ACI 546R-14 supersedes 546R-04 and was adopted and published September 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic
22、 or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.16.5Concrete surface preparation and installation requirements, p. 536.6
23、Joints, p. 546.7Cathodic protection, p. 546.8Chloride extraction, p. 556.9Realkalization, p. 56CHAPTER 7STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING, p. 567.1General, p. 567.2Internal structural repair (restoration to original member strength), p. 567.3External reinforcement (encased and exposed), p. 577.4Ex
24、ternal post-tensioning, p. 597.5Jackets and collars, p. 607.6Supplemental members, p. 61Special considerations for repair of structural elements, p. 617.7Repair of concrete columns, p. 617.8Repair of concrete beams, girders, and joists, p. 637.9Repair of concrete structural slabs, p. 64CHAPTER 8REFE
25、RENCES, p. 65Authored documents, p. 69CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Guide useThis document provides guidance on removal and prepa-ration, selecting material and application methods for repair, protection, and strengthening of concrete structures. The information is applicable to repairing deteriorated or
26、damaged concrete structures; correcting design or construction defi-ciencies; and strengthening the structure for new uses or to comply with current, more restrictive building codes.Current practices in concrete repair are summarized and information provided for the initial planning of repair work a
27、nd selecting repair materials and methods for various conditions.1.2Repair methodologyThe methodology for repairing a concrete structure typi-cally includes a condition assessment of the structure, designing repairs, developing construction documents, bidding and negotiation processes, and performin
28、g the repair work. Preparing a maintenance plan for the repaired structure is also recommended. A basic understanding of the causes of concrete distress, deterioration, or deficien-cies is essential to performing meaningful evaluations and completing successful repairs (ACI 364.1R). Once the cause o
29、f deterioration or deficiency is determined, the appropriate repair program can be selected to address these conditions. Depending on the cause and extent of the damage, repair is not always warranted.Assessment of the structure should determine the cause of the deterioration or deficiency and not f
30、ocus only on the symptoms. For example, cracking can be a symptom of distress that may have a variety of causes, such as restraint of drying shrinkage, restraint of movement due to thermal cycling, overloading, corrosion of embedded metal, or inad-equate design or construction. The cause of distress
31、 should be assessed for proper selection and implementation of an appropriate repair program (Fig. 1.2).1.2.1 Condition assessmentThe process of repairing a concrete structure starts with the evaluation of existing conditions. The evaluation can be divided into several steps:a) Reviewing available d
32、esign and construction docu-ments, previous reports, repair/maintenance records, and test data, if available;b) Visually examining the existing structure;c) Performing structural analysis of members in question or the structure in its deteriorated condition;d) Evaluating corrosion activity;e) Perfor
33、ming invasive or nondestructive testing, or both;f) Reviewing physical, chemical, and petrographic anal-ysis results of laboratory-tested concrete samples.Additional information on conducting condition surveys can be found in ACI 201.1R, 207.3R, 222R, 224.1R, 228.2R, 364.1R, 437R, and 562.1.2.1.1 Un
34、safe conditionsDuring the condition assess-ment, conditions discovered that pose an immediate safety issue should be identified and reported to the owner for miti-gation. Local building codes may require that the licensed design professional (LDP) report unsafe conditions to the authorities and typi
35、cally require that the owner take measures to protect the public safety where hazardous conditions exist. For example, if loose concrete on overhead or vertical surfaces is discovered, access should be limited in the areas adjacent to and below until the hazards are removed or stabi-lized. If struct
36、ural members exhibit compromised integrity, these members should be stabilized or the affected areas removed from service.1.2.1.2 Global issuesThe performance of a structure depends on maintaining the integrity of the structure and envelope of the building. If the LDP becomes aware of an item of con
37、cern outside the assigned scope of work that could compromise the integrity of the structure or jeopardize public safety, the appropriate parties should be notified for implementation of remedial action.1.2.1.3 Determination of cause and extentDuring the condition assessment of a structure, the caus
38、e of distress, deterioration, or deficiency should be determined. Because many deficiencies are caused by more than one mechanism, a basic understanding of the causes of concrete deterioration is essential to determine what has happened to a particular concrete structure. After completing the assess
39、ment, a suit-able remedial action plan can be developed, repair appli-cations and materials selected, and contract documents prepared. If a delay occurs between the condition survey and performing the repair work, additional deterioration and distress could occur and consideration should be given to
40、 updating the condition survey to minimize variations between estimated and actual quantities of repair work.1.2.2 Design considerationsWhen designing a concrete repair, strengthening system, or protective system, the LDP should consider the safety and serviceability of the structure American Concre
41、te Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO CONCRETE REPAIR (ACI 546R-14)during construction and its performance at completion. At a minimum, the repaired structure should satisfy the building code requirements for which it was designed. If required by the governing agency, the repa
42、ired structure may have to satisfy current building code requirements and be repaired and strengthened to meet these criteria. In any case, it is the LDPs responsibility to satisfy applicable code requirements for all structural components within the LDPs scope of work. Structural code provisions su
43、ch as those contained in ACI 318 may not be directly applicable to the current situation. In such cases, ACI 562 requirements should be followed. The LDP should apply basic principles of structural mechanics and have an understanding of material behavior to evaluate and design a structural repair, a
44、 strengthening procedure, or a protective system. Several design considerations are discussed 1.2.2.1 through 1.2.2.6.1.2.2.1 Current load distributionIn a deteriorated condition, a structural member or system may distribute dead and live loads differently than when the structure was undamaged. Crac
45、king, deteriorated concrete, and corroded reinforcement can alter the behavior of members, leading to changes in shear, moment, and axial load distribution. As concrete and reinforcement are removed and replaced during the repair operation, these redistributed forces may be further modified. To unde
46、rstand the final behavior of the structural system, the engineer should evaluate the redistri-bution of the forces. To reestablish the original load distri-bution, a member can be relieved of the load by jacking or other means before repair implementation. If the structure is not jacked and the dead
47、 load is not relieved, the repaired and adjacent members may support loads differently than was assumed in the original design of the structure.1.2.2.2 Compatibility of materialsIf a repair and the existing substrate materials have the same stiffness or modulus of elasticity, the behavior of the rep
48、aired member may be assumed to be the same as the original member before deterioration or damage. Conversely, if the stiffnesses differ, then the composite nature of the repaired system should be considered. A mismatch of other material char-acteristics further exacerbates the effects of thermal cha
49、nge, vibration, long-term creep, and shrinkage. If the coefficient of thermal expansion of the repair material differs from that of the original material, stresses will be generated in both the repair and original material by temperature changes.1.2.2.3 Creep and shrinkageReduction in length, area, or volume of both the repair and original materials due to creep, shrinkage, or both, affect the structures serviceability and durability. As an example, compared with the original material, high creep or shrinkage of repair materia
