1、ACI 548.1R-09Reported by ACI Committee 548Guide for the Use of Polymersin ConcreteGuide for the Use of Polymers in ConcreteFirst PrintingMarch 2009ISBN 978-0-87031-320-2American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All righ
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10、ogether in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete PracticeAmerican Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 548.1R-09 supersedes ACI 548.1R-97 and was adopted and published March 2009.Copyright 2009, America
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12、 or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.548.1R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended
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14、 The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for i
15、ncorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for the Use of Polymers in ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 548ACI 548.1R-09This guide presents information on how to use polymers in concrete toimprove some characteristics of the hardened concrete. Recommendationsare included for polymer-impregnated con
16、crete, polymer concrete,polymer-cement concrete, and safety considerations for the use of polymersin concrete. Information is provided on types of materials and theirstorage, handling, and use, as well as concrete formulations, equipment tobe used, construction procedures, and applications. Glossari
17、es of termsand abbreviations are also included.Keywords: bridge deck; durability; latex; monomer; polymer; polymerconcrete; polymerization; repair.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 548.1R-21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Definitions, abbreviations,and acronyms, p. 548.1R-22.1Definitions2.2
18、Abbreviations and acronymsChapter 3Polymer-impregnated concrete,p. 548.1R-33.1Introduction3.2Concrete requirements for impregnation3.3Monomer systems3.4Additives and modifiers3.5Polymerization techniques3.6Partially impregnated concrete3.7Fully impregnated concrete3.8Encapsulation techniques to redu
19、ce monomer lossesChapter 4Polymer concrete, p. 548.1R-114.1Introduction4.2Polymer concrete repair materials4.3Polymer concrete overlays4.4Precast polymer concreteChapter 5Polymer portland-cement concrete (PPCC), p. 548.1R-165.1Introduction5.2Polymer-cement concrete polymers5.3Polymer-cement concrete
20、 applications5.4Mixture proportioning5.5Construction procedures5.6Quality controlHerschel H. Allen, III David W. Fowler Mahmoud M. Reda Taha Donald P. TragianeseMilton D. Anderson Robert W. Gaul John R. Robinson Cumaraswamy VipulanandanJohn J. Bartholomew Larry E. Good Donald A. Schmidt Wafeek S. Wa
21、hbyContstantin Bodea Albert O. Kaeding Qizhong Sheng Harold H. Weber, Jr.James T. Dikeou John R. Milliron Joe Solomon David WhiteHarold (Dan) R. Edwards Brad Nemunaitis Michael M. Sprinkel David P. WhitneyGarth J. Fallis Richard C. Prusinski*DeceasedMichael S. StenkoChairJames E. Maass*Secretary548.
22、1R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 6Safety aspects concerning use of polymers in concrete, p. 548.1R-186.1Introduction6.2Chemicals6.3Construction practices6.4Other hazards6.5SummaryChapter 7References, p. 548.1R-257.1Referenced standards and reports7.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1
23、IntroductionThe mission of ACI Committee 548 is to report on the useof polymers in concrete. Since its organization in 1971, thecommittee has sponsored numerous symposia and technicalsessions at ACI conventions, and has produced severaldocuments on a variety of topics concerning the use ofpolymers i
24、n concrete (ACI 548.2R, 548.3R, 548.4, 548.5R,548.6R).Benefits derived from the use of polymers in concretehave worldwide appeal, as demonstrated by the extensiveinternational attendance at the many symposia andcongresses that have addressed this subject (ACI Committee548 1973, 1978, 1981, 1985, 198
25、7, 1989, 1993, 1996, 1997,2003; Bartholomew et al. 1978; Fontana et al. 1978; Fowleret al. 1978; Fukuchi and Ohama 1978; Imamura et al. 1978;Kaeding 1978a,b; Koblischek 1978; Kukacka 1978; Lockeand Hsu 1978; McClain 1978; Patty 1978; “Polymers inConcrete” 1976, 1978, 1981, 1984). The contributions m
26、adeat these meetings, along with the practical experience gainedwithin the growing industry that applies polymer technologyto concrete, form the base of applied concrete technologythat is limited only by the ingenuity of the concrete user.1.2ScopeThis guide provides a fundamental background needed t
27、oapply the technology of polymers in concrete to a variety ofengineering problems and applications.The guide contains four basic sections that addresspolymer-impregnated concrete (PIC), polymer concrete(PC), polymer portland-cement concrete (now calledpolymer-cement concrete PPCC), and safety. Each
28、of thethree categories of concrete-containing polymers is usuallyapplied to particular types of concrete elements or specificconcrete property improvements, although there are significantoverlapping areas. Safety, however, is a prerequisite for allpolymer usage, and is discussed collectively. The gu
29、ide doesnot contain extensive tabulated data from specific studies, asthis type of information is available in other documents anddoes not contribute significantly to an understanding of howthe polymers should actually be used in or applied to concrete.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, ABBREVATIONS, AND ACRONYM
30、SACI provides a comprehensive list of acceptable notationand definitions through an online resource. These were takenfrom the Cement and Concrete Terminology page of theACI Web site (http:/www.concrete.org/Technical/CCT/FlashHelp/ACI_Terminology.htm).2.1Definitionsacceleratora material that increase
31、s the rate of achemical reaction.additivea substance added to another in relatively smallamounts to impart or improve desirable properties orsuppress undesirable properties.auto-ignition temperaturethe temperature at whichthe vapor-air mixture above a liquid monomer spontaneouslyignites at a normal
32、atmosphere with no external ignition source.bulk polymerizationthe production of stable polymeror hardened epoxy by adding a polymerization catalyst andan initiator or heat to a monomer in open-top containers andallowing the monomer to polymerize. Hardeners are addedto epoxies to accomplish this.cat
33、alysta substance that accelerates a chemical reactionbut is not permanently changed by the reaction.cross-linking agenta substance that increases themolecular weight of a polymer by chemically linking andbridging the polymer chains.dry pack placementmethod of producing polymerconcrete by placing and
34、 tamping graded aggregate,completely wetting the aggregate with liquid monomer, andthen polymerizing the composite.emulsifiera substance that modifies the surface tensionof colloidal droplets, keeping them from coalescing andkeeping them suspended.emulsiona two-phase liquid system in which smalldrop
35、lets of one liquid (the internal phase) are immiscible in,and dispersed uniformly throughout, a second continuousliquid phase (the external phase).encapsulationthe production of fully impregnatedconcrete with minimal monomer evaporation and drainagelosses during the polymerization process.endothermi
36、cpertaining to a reaction that occurs withthe absorption of heat.epoxy resinsa class of organic chemical bondingsystems used in the preparation of special coatings or adhesivesfor concrete or as binders in epoxy-resin mortars, concretes,and fiber composites.exothermicpertaining to a reaction that oc
37、curs with theevolution of heat.explosive limitthe upper or lower vapor concentrationthat supports combustion in air at room temperature andnormal atmospheric pressure.flash pointthe lowest temperature at which the vapor ofa combustible liquid can be made to ignite.glass-transition temperature (Tg)th
38、e midpoint of thetemperature range over which an amorphous material (suchas glass or a high polymer) changes from (or to) a brittle,vitreous state to (or from) a plastic state.hardenera chemical (including certain flurosilicates orsodium silicate) applied to concrete floors to reduce wear anddusting
39、; or in a two-component adhesive or coating, thechemical component that causes the resin component to cure.USE OF POLYMERS IN CONCRETE 548.1R-3impregnationthe act of saturating the voids in hardenedconcrete with a monomer or resin.inhibitora substance that retards or stops a chemicalreaction.initiat
40、oragent that initiates growth of polymer chainsby decomposing into free radicals that actually start thechains growth. Often incorrectly called a catalyst. Oftenused in conjunction with a catalyst.latexa dispersion of organic polymer particles in water.microcrackssmall, numerous cracks that develop
41、inhardened concrete.monomeran organic molecule of relatively low molec-ular weight that creates a solid polymer by reacting withitself or other compounds of low molecular weight or both.plasticizera material that increases the plasticity of afresh cementitious mixture; or a substance added to a mate
42、rialto improve the materials flexibility.polymerthe product of polymerization; commonly arubber or resin consisting of large molecules formed bypolymerization.polymer concrete (PC)concrete in which an organicpolymer serves as the binder; also known as resin concrete;sometimes erroneously employed to
43、 designate hydrauliccement mortars or concretes in which part or all of themixing water is replaced by an aqueous dispersion of athermoplastic copolymer.polymer-cement concrete (PPCC)a mixturecomprising hydraulic cement and aggregate combined at thetime of mixing with organic monomers or polymers th
44、at aredispersed in water.polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC)a hydratedportland-cement concrete that has been impregnated with amonomer that is subsequently polymerized.polymerizationthe reaction in which molecules of oneor more monomers combine to form a compound containingthe same elements and in th
45、e same proportions but of highermolecular weight.porositythe ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, ofthe volume of voids in a material to the total volume of thematerial, including the voids.promoted-catalytic methoda polymerization methodthat uses initiators or accelerators to cause the decompo
46、sitionof organic peroxide catalysts, and subsequent release of freeradicals that allow polymerization to take place at ambienttemperature without the need for an external source of energy.resina natural or synthetic, solid or semisolid, organicmaterial of indefinite and often high molecular weightha
47、ving a tendency to flow under stress, usually has a soft-ening or melting range, and usually fractures conchoidally.shelf lifethe length of time packaged materials can bestored under specified conditions and remain usable.silane coupling agentsilicon compounds that enhancethe chemical bond of organi
48、c polymers to inorganic materialssuch as sand, rock, glass, and metals.solventa liquid in which another substance may bedissolved.thermal-catalytic methoda polymerization methodwhere catalysts are dissolved in the monomer before introductioninto the concrete. The subsequent application of externalhe
49、at causes the polymerization to occur at a very rapid rate.thermoplasticclass of resin capable of being repeatedlysoftened by an increase of temperature and hardened by adecrease in temperature.thermosettingclass of resin that, when cured by applica-tion of heat or chemical means, changes into a substantiallyinfusible and insoluble material.vapor pressurethe pressure exerted when a vapor is inequilibrium with its liquid or solid form at a given temperature.viscositya measure of the resistance of a fluid to
