1、ACI 548.3R-09Reported by ACI Committee 548Report on Polymer-Modified ConcreteReport on Polymer-Modified ConcreteFirst PrintingApril 2009ISBN 978-0-87031-325-7American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved
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10、the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 548.3R-09 supersedes ACI 548.3R-03 and was adopted and published April 2009.Copyright 2009, American Co
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12、r retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.548.3R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended f
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14、he Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for inc
15、orporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Report on Polymer-Modified ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 548ACI 548.3R-09This report addresses concrete made with organic polymers combined withhydraulic cement and discusses the polymer systems used to producepolymer-modified concrete, including their composi
16、tion and physicalproperties. It explains the principle of polymer modification and reviewsthe factors involved in selecting appropriate polymer systems. The reportalso discusses mixture proportioning and construction techniques fordifferent polymer systems and summarizes the properties of fresh andh
17、ardened polymer-modified concrete and common applications.Keywords: abrasion; acrylic resins; admixtures; bridge deck; construction;corrosion; curing; durability; epoxy resins; latex; mixture proportioning; mortar;pavements (concrete); plastic; polymer; polymer-cement concrete; repair; resin;resista
18、nce to chemical attack; resistance to freezing and thawing; test.CONTENTSPreface, p. 548.3R-2Chapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 548.3R-21.1Introduction1.2History1.3ScopeChapter 2Acronyms and definitions, p. 548.3R-32.1Acronyms2.2DefinitionsChapter 3General information on polymer modifiers, p. 548.3
19、R-43.1Polymer modifiers and their properties3.2Test procedures for polymer modifiers3.3Principle of polymer modification3.4Selection of polymer modifier3.5Specification and test methods for PMCHerschel H. Allen III David W. Fowler Richard C. Prusinski Donald P. TragianeseMilton D. Anderson Robert W.
20、 Gaul Mahmoud M. Reda Taha*Cumaraswamy VipulanandanJohn J. Bartholomew Larry E. Good John R. Robinson Wafeek S. WahbyConstantin Bodea Albert O. Kaeding Donald A. Schmidt Harold H. Weber Jr.James T. Dikeou Mohammad S. Khan Qizhong Sheng David WhiteHarold (Dan) R. Edwards John R. Milliron Joe Solomon
21、David P. WhitneyGarth J. Fallis Brad Nemunaitis Michael M. Sprinkel*Chair of ACI Task Group TC-548.Associate Member Kyoung-Kyu Choi significantly contributed to this report.Michael S. StenkoChair548.3R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 4Polymer modifiers for latex-modified concrete, p. 548.3R-104.1Styre
22、ne-butadiene latex4.2Acrylic latex4.3Epoxy polymer modifiers4.4Redispersible polymer powders4.5Other polymersChapter 5References, p. 548.3R-335.1Referenced standards and reports5.2Cited referencesPREFACEPolymer-modified concrete (PMC) is developed bymixing a polymer material to portland-cement concr
23、ete withthe interest of enhancing the concrete durability and bondstrength. PMC, also known as polymer portland-cementconcrete (PPCC) or latex-modified concrete (LMC), wasoriginally developed during the 1950 and 1960s. The materialquickly found its way to awaiting industry to make use of itsunique p
24、roperties and became a common material in bridgedeck slab overlays, industrial floors and as repair materialwith enhanced tensile and bond strength. Extensive researchand numerous publications on the behavior of PMC wereproduced from the late 1970s up to the early 1990s. Thesepublications constitute
25、 most of our current knowledge onPMC and polymer-modified mortars (PMM). While thedevelopment of PMC has significantly slowed down in thelast decade, this document is designed to provide a majorsource of collective information for the public about PMC.The intent is to provide insight on most up-to-d
26、ate standards,current practices, and the state of the art on research develop-ments on PMC.The International Congress on Polymers in Concrete(ICPIC) served during the last four decades as the interna-tional forum for research and development (R asa redispersible powder; or as a liquid that is disper
27、sible orsoluble in water. Dispersions of polymers in water andredispersible polymer powders have been in use for manyyears as admixtures to hydraulic-cement mixtures. Theseadmixtures are called polymer modifiers. The dispersions ofthese polymer modifiers are called latexes, sometimesincorrectly refe
28、rred to as emulsions.In this report, the use of the general term “polymer-modifiedcementitious mixture” includes polymer-modified cementitiousslurry, mortar, and concrete. Where specific slurry, mortar, orconcrete mixtures are referenced, specific terms are used,such as LMC and latex-modified mortar
29、 (LMM). Severalother terms used in this report are defined in ACI 548.1R.The improvements from adding polymer modifiers toconcrete include increased bond strength, flexural andtensile strengths, split strength, and reduced elastic modulus.These lead to improved physical resistance such as impactresi
30、stance and abrasion resistance (Shaker et al. 1997; Wonget al. 2003; Colak 2005). A reduced elastic modulus might beparticularly helpful when LMC is applied as a bridge deckoverlay or repair surface. The reduced elastic modulus resultsin a reduction of the stresses developed due to differentialshrin
31、kage and thermal strains that would reduce the tendencyof the material to crack. PMC can also improve corrosionresistance, resistance to chemical attack and severe envi-ronment (such as sulfuric acid attack, penetration by waterand dissolved salts, and freezing-and-thawing resistance),and it reduces
32、 need for sustained moist curing. Theseimprovements are largely due to reduced water permeabilityin PMC (Shaker et al. 1997; Ohama 1995b). The improvementsare measurably reduced when PMC is tested in the wet state(Popovics 1987; Soroushian et al. 1993). The specific propertyPOLYMER-MODIFIED CONCRETE
33、 548.3R-3improvement to the modified cementitious mixture varieswith the type of polymer modifier used.The proportioning of ingredients and mixing proceduresare similar to those for unmodified mixtures. Curing ofmodified mixtures, however, differs in that only 1 to 2 daysof moist curing are required
34、, followed by air curing. Appli-cations of these materials include tile adhesive and grout,floor leveling concrete, water tanks, swimming pools, roofdeck, concrete patches, bridge deck overlays, and ship decks(Su et al. 1991; Kardon 1997; Pinelle 1995; Cabrera and Al-Hasen 1997; Gerharz 1999; Hare 1
35、999; Jingang et al. 2005).1.2HistoryThe use of polymers as an additive to construction material isnot new. In Babylonia in 4000 B.C. and in Indus Valley in3000 B.C., clay brick walls were produced by using naturalpolymers such as albumen and rice paste (Chandra andOhama 1994; Kardon 1997). More rece
36、ntly, in 1923, the firstpatent of a polymer-hydraulic-cement system, issued toCresson (1923), refers to paving materials with naturalrubber latexes where cement was used as filler. The firstpatent of the modern concept of a polymer-modified systemwas granted to Lefebure in 1924 (Lefebure 1924). Lefe
37、bureappears to be the first worker who intended to produce aPMC using natural rubber latexes by proportioning latex onthe basis of cement content; Cresson, in contrast, based hismixture on the polymer content. In 1925, Kirkpatrickpatented a similar idea (Kirkpatrick 1925). Throughout the1920s and 19
38、30s, LMM and concrete using natural rubberlatexes were developed. Bonds patent in 1932 (Bond 1932)suggested the use of synthetic rubber latexes, and Rodwellspatent in 1939 (Rodwell 1939) first claimed to use syntheticresin latexes, including polyvinyl acetate latexes, to producepolymer-modified syst
39、ems.In the 1940s, patents on polymer-modified systems withsynthetic latexes, such as polychloroprene rubber latexes(Neoprene) (Cooke 1941) and polyacrylic ester latexes(Jaenicke et al. 1943) were published. Also, polyvinylacetate-modified mortar and concrete were actively developedfor practical appl
40、ications. Since the late 1940s, polymer-modified mixtures have been used in various applicationssuch as deck coverings for ships and bridges, paving, floorings,anticorrosives, and adhesives. In the United Kingdom, feasi-bility studies on the applications of natural rubber-modifiedsystems were conduc
41、ted by Stevens (1948) and Griffiths(1951). Also, a strong interest was focused on the use ofsynthetic latexes in the polymer-modified systems. Geist etal. (1953) reported a detailed fundamental study on polyvinylacetate-modified mortar and provided a number of valuablesuggestions for later research
42、and development of polymer-modified systems. The first use of epoxy resins to modifyhydraulic cement was reported by Lezy and Paillere (1967).Research efforts in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s were focusedon examining the properties of LMC and selecting the mostsuitable polymer latex for modifying cement i
43、n polymer-modified mortar (PMM) and PMC (Popovics and Tamas1978; Lavelle 1988; Ohama 1995b; Okba et al. 1997). Amajor milestone during that time period was revealing theprinciples of latex modification of the cement hydration andidentifying the mechanism of polymer-cement co-matrixformation (Ohama 1
44、987; Su et al. 1991, 1996; Puterman andMalorny 1998; Jenni et al. 2006). Later efforts examined thelong-term behavior of PMC with focus on durability anddeterioration resistance aspects as a main characteristic of PMC(Ohama et al. 1985; Shaker et al. 1997; Mirza et al. 2002) andon controlling the rh
45、eological properties of LMC (Barluengaand Hernndez-Olivares 2004).Recently, researchers developed and examined very-early-strength LMC using rapid hardening cement (Sprinkel1999, 2005). The use of the new very-early-strength LMCproved efficient for replacing bridge deck overlays. Moreover,the use of
46、 fiber-reinforced LMC has been recently promoted(Cao and Chung 2001; Issa et al. 2007). The use of glass andcarbon fiber-reinforced LMC provides a watertight micro-structure of LMC with very low permeability and the abilityof the chopped fibers to limit plastic shrinkage cracking.Such combined benef
47、its make fiber-reinforced LMC anexcellent alternative for bridge deck slabs (Issa et al. 2007).Finally, a bibliography developed and updated by Ohama(2007b) represents an excellent source of information onhistorical and recent developments of PMC.1.3ScopeThis report reflects the current state of kno
48、wledge of PMCand intends to provide the reader with a credible source ofknowledge on PMC reflecting the maturity of that technologyand highlighting R morecommonly a rubber or resin consisting of large moleculesformed by polymerization.polymerizationthe reaction in which two or moremolecules of the s
49、ame substance combine to form acompound containing the same elements and in the sameproportions but of higher molecular weight.resinpolymeric material that is rigid or semi-rigid atroom temperature, usually with a melting point or glasstransition temperature above room temperature.setting timethe length of time required to set or hardenresin or adhesive under heat or pressure.stabilitya measure of resistance to coagulation when alatex is subjected to mechanical action, chemicals, ortemperature variations.surface tensionan internal molecular force that exists
