1、ACI 549.3R-09Reported by ACI Committee 549Report on Glass Fiber-ReinforcedConcrete PremixReport on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete PremixFirst PrintingDecember 2009ISBN 978-0-87031-354-7American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hi
2、lls, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive t
3、o avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI
4、 documents arerequested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and l
5、imitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for theapplication of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk andaccept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publ
6、ication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose ornon-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indi
7、rect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate tothe specific circumstances involved wi
8、th its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of allregulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,including but not limite
9、d to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee repor
10、ts are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 549.3R-09 was adopted and published December 2009.Copyright 2009, American
11、Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge
12、 or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.549.3R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,and inspecting construction. This document is intended for theuse of indi
13、viduals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendationsand who will accept responsibility for the application of thematerial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaimsany and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall
14、 not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe
15、Architect/Engineer.Report on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete PremixReported by ACI Committee 549ACI 549.3R-09Glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix technology is becoming increasinglypopular worldwide for manufacture of precast concrete products used inindustrial, architectural, civil engineering, a
16、nd construction applications.Glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix products provide a useful balance ofproperties such as strength, toughness, durability, moisture resistance,dimensional stability, fire resistance, and aesthetics. This report summarizesthe current knowledge of materials, manufactur
17、ing methods, engineeringproperties, and applications of glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix.Keywords: cement-based composites; cement boards; cement panels;composite materials; concrete panels; ductility; durability; engineeringproperties; fiber-reinforced cement-based materials; ferrocement; fib
18、ers;flexural strength; glass fiber-reinforced concrete; glass fibers; manufac-turing methods; mesh reinforcement; premix; toughness.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 549.3R-21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation, definitions, and acronymsp. 549.3R-22.1Notation2.2Definitions2.3AcronymsCh
19、apter 3Materials and mixture proportions of glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, p. 549.3R-33.1Types of premix3.2Typical mixture ingredients3.3Typical mixture proportionsChapter 4Properties of glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, p. 549.3R-64.1Influence of fiber content4.2Influence of fiber le
20、ngth4.3Influence of fiber orientation4.4Influence of fiber geometry4.5Influence of chopped fibers with reinforcing scrimCorina-Maria AldeaDavid M. Gale John L. Mulder Surendra P. ShahP. N. Balaguru Graham T. Gilbert Antoine E. Naaman Yixin ShaoHiram Price Ball, Jr.Antonio J. Guerra Antonio Nanni A.
21、Kumar SharmaNemkumar Banthia John Jones*Nandakumar Natarajan Parviz SoroushianGordon B. Batson Katherine G. Kuder Omar A. OmarR. Narayan SwamyNeeraj J. Buch James R. McConaghy P. Paramasivam George J. VentaJames I. Daniel Barzin MobasherD. V. Reddy Robert C. ZellersSidney FreedmanHenry J. MolloyPaul
22、 T. Sarnstrom*Co-chairs of subcommittee responsible for preparing report.Members of subcommittee responsible for preparing report.Chair of subcommittee responsible for preparing report.Ashish Dubey*Chair549.3R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT4.6Influence of mixture proportions and mixture ingredients4.7Durabi
23、lity of glass fiber-reinforced concrete premixChapter 5Manufacturing processes for glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, p. 549.3R-95.1Cast premix process5.2Spray premix process5.3Press-molded premix process5.4Pultruded premix process5.5Extruded premix process5.6Types of equipment5.7Quality contro
24、l considerationsChapter 6Applications of glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, p. 549.3R-166.1Architectural products6.2Industrial products6.3Civil engineering products6.4Landscaping products6.5Surface bonding6.6Stucco6.7Shotcrete6.8Glass fiber-reinforced concrete bagged productsChapter 7Summary, p
25、. 549.3R-22Chapter 8References, p. 549.3R-228.1Referenced standards and reports8.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe use of glass fiber-reinforced concrete started in thelate 1960s with the development and commercialization ofalkali-resistant (AR) glass fiber. The tech
26、nology spreadrapidly throughout the world because of desirable physicalproperties and durability performance of products reinforcedwith AR glass fibers. Glass fiber-reinforced concretepremix, as known in the industry and presented in this report,is a material that incorporates AR glass fibers into t
27、he slurryduring mixing and slurry preparation. In glass fiber-reinforcedconcrete premix, fibers of various lengths from 0.25 to 1.5 in.(6 to 38 mm) and in concentrations of 0.25 to 4.0% by weightof the mixture are typically used and mixed together with thecementitious mixture while preparing the slu
28、rry. This fiber-reinforced slurry is then used to produce glass fiber-reinforcedconcrete premix products by selecting an appropriatemanufacturing process. Glass fiber-reinforced concrete premixproducts are now manufactured in more than 100 countries.Specific property improvements obtained with glass
29、 fiber-reinforced concrete premix include superior crack resistanceand enhanced mechanical performance that includesimproved tensile, flexural, and impact strength behavior.Note that glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix differs fromanother class of material, herein called conventional GFRC,primari
30、ly in the method of delivering fibers into the slurryand the amount of fiber reinforcement in the composite.Conventional GFRC typically incorporates greater than 4%AR glass fibers by weight and, during production, keeps theglass fibers and slurry separate until delivering both simulta-neously to the
31、 mold surface through a special spraying appa-ratus (ACI 544.1R and ACI 549.2R).Glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix is a mixture of ARglass fiber, sand, cement, water, chemical and mineraladmixtures, and aggregate if required. Mixture proportionsare determined by the physical property requirement
32、s of theend product. Physical properties of glass fiber-reinforcedconcrete premix, such as tensile and flexural strength, areinfluenced by the fiber content, geometry, length, orienta-tion, and the water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) of themixture. The maximum amount of fiber successfully incor
33、-porated in the mixture is influenced by the fiber length,strand structure and integrity, and the ability of the mixer toefficiently disperse the fibers evenly throughout the matrix.Introducing over 4% of glass fibers by weight of the mixturedoes not significantly improve the mechanical strength of
34、glassfiber-reinforced concrete premix composites. ConventionalGFRC generally provides higher mechanical strength andductility from its ability to incorporate higher fiber content,longer fiber lengths, superior two-dimensional fiber orienta-tion, and lower water content. Both types of manufacturingme
35、thods are widely used commercially, and the choicebetween the two is primarily dictated by the required perfor-mance and aesthetical characteristics of the end product andapplication. The economics of manufacturing glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix are generally superior to that ofconventional
36、GFRC, mainly due to the lower labor costs perunit area of manufactured premix product.Several manufacturing processes for producing glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix products have been developed, suchas casting, spray premix, press molding, extrusion, and pultru-sion. Many new products have bee
37、n designed and produced tocapitalize on the good performance of glass fiber-reinforcedconcrete premix. Glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix mate-rial and process technologies are commonly used for manufac-turing precast concrete products for industrial, architectural, andornamental applications. E
38、xamples include: trench lid coversfor underground electrical distribution lines, modular buildingpanels, decorative architectural products, terra cotta replace-ment products, and many other industrial products.1.2ScopeThis report introduces glass fiber-reinforced concrete premixand reviews the state
39、 of knowledge regarding selection ofmaterials, mixture proportions, and manufacturing methods forproducing premix products. Also highlighted is a diverse rangeof glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix applications fromaround the world and dry-bagged premix materials that are usedin surface bonding,
40、stucco, and certain shotcrete applications.The terms “glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix” and“premix” are used interchangeably throughout this report.CHAPTER 2NOTATION,DEFINITIONS, AND ACRONYMS2.1NotationVf= volume fraction of fibersw/cm = water-cementitious material ratioREPORT ON GLASS FIBER-R
41、EINFORCED CONCRETE PREMIX 549.3R-32.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided hereincomplement that resource.acrylic co-polymersco-polymer dispersions asdescribed in PCI MNL
42、-128-01, Appendix F, or satisfyingASTM C260, C494/C494M, C618, or similar specificationsin the country of use.alkali-resistant (AR) glass fiberan alkali-resistantglass fiber using not less than 16% zirconia to provide alkaliresistance.dry curecuring without the addition of water.filamenta single gla
43、ss fiber, sometimes called a mono-filament.filamentizingthe dispersion of a multifilament strandinto individual filaments.glass fiber-reinforced concretea product using not lessthan 4% AR glass by weight of cement in the mixture.glass fiber-reinforced concrete premixa mixture ofchopped AR glass fibe
44、r, sand, cement, water, chemical andmineral admixtures, and aggregate if required. The AR glassfibers are added along with other raw materials duringmixing and slurry preparation.glass fiber stranda group of filaments of predeter-mined quantity (50, 100, 200, or 400 filaments per strand)bundled toge
45、ther to resist splitting (filamentizing).high integritythe resistance of the strand to split (separateor filamentize); also classified as non-dispersible.mesh (or scrim)structured form of glass reinforcementin which continuous strands (or yarns) are laid down toproduce a non-woven grid pattern.rovin
46、gA number of parallel, continuous, not twisted,glass fiber strands bundled together and wound to form acylindrical package.yarna bundle of multiple glass fiber strands that aretwisted together.2.3AcronymsAR = alkali-resistantFRP = fiber-reinforced polymerGFRC = glass fiber-reinforced concreteOPC = o
47、rdinary portland cementRHPC = rapid-hardening portland cementCHAPTER 3MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONS OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE PREMIXThe materials and mixture proportions of glass fiber-rein-forced concrete premix are selected to achieve the desiredmixture consistency to suit the product
48、ion method used andto develop the design mechanical properties in thecomposite. Mixture ingredients should always comply withlocal regulations and state-of-the-art recommendations.When glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix products areproduced on an industrial scale, certificates of conformanceare
49、normally obtained from the raw material suppliers forreview and proper documentation.3.1Types of premixThe five basic categories of premix are cast premix, spraypremix, press molding, extrusion, and pultrusion. Eachmanufacturing category has unique processing methods thatrequire variations in the typical mixture proportion. Thesand-cementitious material ratio and the w/cm typicallydiffer between the five categories. In the spray premix,pumping aids are normally used to produce a mixture that iseasier to pump and spray
