1、Concrete Craftsman SeriesPlacing and Finishing Decorative Concrete Flatwork CCS-5(16)Concrete Craftsman SeriesPlacing and Finishing Decorative Concrete Flatwork Concrete Craftsman SeriesPlacing and Finishing Decorative Concrete FlatworkReported by ACI Committee E703Michael G. Hernandez ChairWilliam
2、D. Palmer SecretaryScott AndersonDaniel P. DorfmuellerJames J. Ernzen Reynold FranklinLeonard GagliardiBeverly GarnantWilliam R. NashMichael V. Pedraza Katherine M. PflegerWilliam R. PhillipsChristian PlueThomas RothThomas G. TylerAdditional recognition to Lance Boyer, who developed a complete initi
3、al draft of this document.CCS-5(16)Concrete Craftsman Series:CCS-5 Placing and Finishing Decorative Concrete FlatworkISBN 978-1-942727-59-0Copyright 2016 American Concrete Institute ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspe
4、cting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommenda-tions and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims an
5、y and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract docume
6、nts, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorpora-tion by the Architect/Engineer.Managing Editor: Michael Tholen, Ph.D., P.E.Art Program: Claire HiltzProfessional Development Specialist: Tiffany VojnovskiTechnical Editors: Emily Bush, Cherrie FergussonManager, Publishing Services: Barr
7、y M. BerginProduction Editors: Carl Bischof, Kelli Slayden, Kaitlyn Hinman, Tiesha ElamPage Design The use of integral color and dry shake color hardeners; The identification and uses of decorative finishing tools and equipment (such as stamping mats and stencils); The use of surface retarders and s
8、et-retarding admixtures to produce exposed aggregate surfaces; Stamping and texturing concrete; Seeding fresh concrete surfaces with decorative aggregate; Decorative treatments for stair treads and risers; and Cleaning and sealing methods for decorative concrete.This document also covers topics that
9、 are universal to concrete flatwork construction: Jobsite and personal safety; Ensuring the design adheres to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) guidelines; Preplacement site preparation; and9 Identification and uses of concrete finishing tools.Additionally, two chapters of texture samples and pr
10、oject examples are included. Architectural cast-in-place walls, chemical stains, decorative overlays, decorative scoring, and other topical finishes are not included in this document.10 PLACING AND FINISHING DECORATIVE CONCRETE FLATWORK CHAPTER 1: SAFETYA well-conceived and well-executed safety prog
11、ram is necessary to keep everyone at the jobsite aware of and protected against possible hazards. Failure to follow safety regulations and to use personal protective equipment (PPE) can lead to injuries. In addition to concern for the injured person, accidents can disrupt the flow and quality of wor
12、k, further impacting the project. Every contracting company should have a written safety policy that sets out clear lines of authority for training and retraining personnel in safety regu-lations and procedures related to their construction specialty.While many safety rules are the same for all type
13、s of concrete work, decorative concrete work presents special situations. In addition to the minimum requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1926,1these basic rules should always be followed: Minimum safety equipment (Fi
14、g. 1.1) for all concrete work includes hard hats, safety glasses, safety vests, full-length pants, long-sleeved shirts, sturdy leather footwear (boots or shoes, no sandals), and ear protec-tion. Additional PPE is necessary for specific tasks and activities. When working with wet concrete, impervious
15、 gloves, impervious boots, and safety glasses should be worn. Fresh concrete can cause chemical burns and eye injuries. Hard hats should be worn when any overhead danger is present. Safety glasses and face shields should be worn when operating concrete cutting or chipping tools and equip-ment such a
16、s grinders, saws, and chipping hammers. Approved respirators should be worn when handling dust-, mist-, or fume-producing products or performing dust-, mist-, or fume-producing operations such as cutting, grinding, or buffing concrete or applying coat-ings, sprays, colorants, or similar products tha
17、t may be toxic. Hearing protection should be worn when operations or equipment create noise levels that prevent normal conversation at a distance of 3 ft (1 m). Portable electric tools should be in good condition and equipped with the appropriate guards. In addition, portable electric tools should b
18、e of the double insulated type or protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter. Ground prongs should not be removed.Fig. 1.1Hard hat, eye protection, safety vest, long-sleeved shirt, long pants, boots, and ear protection are minimum safety equipment for deco-rative concrete work. Dust masks shoul
19、d be worn when necessary.11 Extension cords should be at least 14-gauge, approved for hard or extra hard service, and in good condition. Extension cords should be kept out of walkways and protected from sharp objects and vehicular traffic. When handling wet concrete, an adequate supply of potable wa
20、ter should be available for hand washing and flushing of the eyes. Any exposed reinforcing bar that could create an impale-ment hazard should be protected by approved caps. Material Safety Data Sheets for all hazardous materials should be onsite and available for reference. Containers of hazardous m
21、aterials should be labeled in accordance with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard.2 Solvent-based sealers are flammable and should be kept away from all sources of ignition. When used indoors, the area must be well ventilated. Reduce the risk of trip and fall accidents around form-work and expose
22、d reinforcement by barricading the work area. Keep the jobsite clean even if its not your job. Bend with your knees and lift with your legs, not your back. Lift only what you can comfortably handle. Keep your fingers away from the metal joints of a concrete truck chute. Should a finger be caught in
23、the gap of the joint as the chute is dropped from its stored position, it can slice through a finger like scissors through cloth.Helpful training information is available online through the OSHA Training Institute3and the OSHA 2254 document.4REFERENCES1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
24、, “Part 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction,” United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC.2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Part 1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard,” United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC.3. Occupational Safety and Health Admini
25、stration, “OSHA Training Institute,” United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC. http:/www.osha.gov/dte/oti/index.html. (last accessed 11/22/2015)4. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines,” OSHA 2254, United States Depar
26、tment of Labor, Washington, DC, 1998, http:/www.osha.gov/Publi-cations/osha2254.pdf. (last accessed 11/22/2015)12 PLACING AND FINISHING DECORATIVE CONCRETE FLATWORK CHAPTER 2: LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONSA contractors work must comply with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Guidelines.1Failure to comply
27、 with ADA Guidelines could result in work being rejected or subjected to a lawsuit. Always review plans and as-built conditions to determine if the work to be installed will comply with ADA. Contractors must know the basics of ADA Guidelines as a minimum to avoid problems. An up-to-date ADA referenc
28、e guide should be purchased and studied to avoid such problems The following is only a brief overview of ADA Guidelines and should not be considered a complete guide.ADA GuidelinesPurpose of ADA ADA Guidelines are required by the U.S. Federal Government and set requirements for acces-sibility by ind
29、ividuals with disabilities to places of public accommodations and commercial facilities. These guidelines are to be applied during the design, construction, and altera-tion of such buildings and facilities to the extent required by regulations issued by Federal agencies, including the Department of
30、Justice, under the Americans with Disabili-ties Act of 1990.Terms used in ADAADA Guidelines use the following terms pertaining to exte-rior concrete work:Cross Slope The slope that is perpendicular to the direction of travel.Curb Ramp A short ramp cutting through a curb or built up to it.Detectable
31、Warning A standardized surface feature built in or applied to walking surfaces or other elements to warn of hazards on a circulation path.Ramp A walking surface that has a running slope steeper than 1:20.Running Slope The slope that is parallel to the direc-tion of travel.Tactile An object that can
32、be perceived using the sense of touch.Vehicular Way A route intended for vehicular traffic, such as in a street, driveway, or parking facility.Walk An exterior prepared surface for pedestrian use, including pedestrian areas such as plazas and courts.13Requirements for FlatworkAccessible RouteAt leas
33、t one accessible route within the boundary of the site is required from public transportation stops, accessible parking, accessible passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance that they serve. An accessible route is a continuous, unobstructed path con
34、necting all accessible elements and spaces of a building or facility. Interior accessible routes may include corridors, floors, ramps, elevators, lifts, and clear floor space at fixtures. Exterior accessible routes may include parking access aisles, curb ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways, walks, r
35、amps, and lifts. To the maximum extent feasible, the accessible route is required to coincide with the route for the general public.ADA requirements for accessible routes include: A minimum clear width for an accessible route of 36 in. (915 mm), with some exceptions; A surface for an accessible rout
36、e that is stable, firm, and slip-resistant. Changes in elevation up to in. (6 mm) may be vertical and without edge treatment (Fig. 2.1). Changes in elevation between and in. (6 and 13 mm) are to be beveled with a slope no greater than 1:2 (Fig. 2.2). Changes in elevation greater than in.(13 mm) are
37、required to meet the requirements for ramps; and An accessible route with a running slope greater than 1:20 is required to comply with the require-ments for ramps.Curb RampsCurb ramps are required to be provided wherever an acces-sible route crosses a curb. ADA requirements for curb ramps include: S
38、lopes of curb ramps are required to be at the least possible slope. The maximum slope of a ramp in new construc-tion is 1:12;1/4”Fig. 2.1A maximum vertical elevation change of in. (6 mm) is allowed between accessible route surfaces. (Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm)Fig. 2.2A maximum vertical elevation change
39、of in. (13 mm) is allowed between accessible route surfaces if beveled at a 1:2 slope. (Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm)1/2”2114 PLACING AND FINISHING DECORATIVE CONCRETE FLATWORK The slope is required to be measured per Fig. 2.3. Transitions from ramps to walks, gutters, or streets are required to be flush a
40、nd free of abrupt changes. Maximum slopes of adjoining gutters, road surface immediately adjacent to the curb ramp, or accessible route are not allowed to exceed 1:20; The minimum width for curb ramps is 36 in. (915 mm), exclusive of flared sides (Fig. 2.4). The maximum slope of the flare is limited
41、 to 1:10 (Fig. 2.4) where it is not protected by handrails or guardrails; Curb ramps with returned curbs may be used where pedestrians would not normally walk across the ramp (Fig. 2.5); Built-up curb ramps are required to be located so they do not project into vehicular traffic lanes (Fig. 2.6).Ram
42、psAny part of an accessible route with a slope greater than 1:20 must meet the ADA requirements for a ramp. These include: The least possible slope is required to be used for any ramp. The maximum slope of a ramp in new construc-ADJOINING SURFACESTREET1 (Y)12 (X)Fig. 2.3Slope of curb ramp. Slope = Y
43、:X, where X is a level plane.3-0”MINIMUM3-0”MINIMUMDETECTABLEWARNING1:12 MAX.SLOPE1:10 MAX.SLOPEFig. 2.4Curb cut ramp (Note: 1 ft = 0.305 m)3-0”MINIMUM3-0”MINIMUMDETECTABLEWARNINGSIDEWALKPLANTING AREARETURNED CURB1:12 MAX.SLOPEFig. 2.5Curb ramp with returned curbs (Note: 1 ft = 0.305 m)CHAPTER 2: LA
44、yOuT CONSIDERATIONS 15tion is 1:12, which is 8.33% or 1 in./ft (83 mm/m). The maximum rise, regardless of length, for any run is 30 in. (760 mm) (Fig. 2.7); A minimum clear width of 36 in. (915 mm) (Fig. 2.7); Landings are required at the bottom and top of each ramp and each ramp run. Land-ings are
45、required to have the following features (Fig. 2.7): The landing is required to be at least as wide as the widest ramp run leading to it; The landing length is limited to a minimum of 60 in. (1525 mm) clear; and If ramps change direction at landings, the minimum landing size is 60 60 in. (1525 1525 m
46、m); A cross slope for ramp surfaces no greater than 1:50 is required; Ramps and landings with drop-offs are required to have curbs, walls, railings, or projecting surfaces that prevent people from slipping off the ramp; and Outdoor ramps and their approaches are required to be designed so that water
47、 will not accumulate on walking surfaces.Fig. 2.6Built-up curb ramp. Note: Not allowed to project into vehicular path (Note: 1 ft = 0.305 m)3-0”MINIMUMSIDEWALKDETECTABLEWARNING1:12 MAX.SLOPE3-0”MINIMUMFig. 2.7 Typical ramp plan and profile (Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m)3-0”5-0”5-0”5-0”6-0”1
48、:12 MAX.SLOPE1:12 MAX.SLOPE MAX. RISE30” 3030” 40MAX. RUN1:16 MAX.1:12 MAX.SLOPE1:12 MAX. SLOPE1:12 MAX. RAMP RUN5-0”INTERMEDIATELANDINGINTERMEDIATELANDING2% MAX.BOTTOMLANDING2% MAX.LANDING2% MAX.TYPICAL RAMP PLANTYPICAL RAMP PROFILELANDINGTOPLANDINGMIN.16 PLACING AND FINISHING DECORATIVE CONCRETE F
49、LATWORK StairsADA requirements for stairs include: On any given flight of stairs, all steps are required to have uniform riser heights and uniform tread widths. Stair treads can be no less than 11 in. (280 mm) wide, measured from riser to riser. Risers are not allowed to exceed 7 in. (177 mm) in height (Fig. 2.8). Open risers are not permitted; The undersides of nosings are not allowed to be abrupt. The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread can be no greater than
