1、Developed by ACI Committee E-701ACI Education Bulletin E1-07Aggregates for ConcreteAmerican Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeAggregates for ConcreteFirst PrintingAugust 2007ISBN 978-0-87031-248-9Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. Thi
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9、-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone:
10、 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgE1-1ACI Education Bulletin E1-07. Supersedes E1-99.Copyright 2007. American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic
11、ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing isobtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America.The Institute is not responsible for
12、 the statements oropinions expressed in its publications. Institute publicationsare not able to, nor intended to, supplant individualtraining, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or thesupplier, of the information presented.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. E1-2Chapter 2Classification of aggreg
13、ates, p. E1-2Chapter 3Aggregate properties and test methods, p. E1-23.1Grading3.1.1Definition and test method3.1.2Fineness modulus3.1.3Maximum size and nominal maximum size3.1.4Significance of aggregate grading 3.1.5Permissible variations in grading3.2Specific gravity (relative density)3.2.1Definiti
14、on3.2.2Determination of specific gravity3.2.3Significance of specific gravity3.2.4Absolute volume calculations3.3Absorption and surface moisture3.3.1Mixing water and water-cementitious materialratio3.3.2Absorption and total moisture content3.3.3Surface moisture content3.3.4Computing mixing water and
15、 water-cementitiousmaterial ratio3.3.5Adjusting batch masses for surface moisture3.3.6Alternate definition of surface moisture3.4Bulk density (replaces de-emphasized term “unit weight”)3.4.1Definition and test method3.4.2Factors affecting bulk density3.5Particle shape, angularity, and surface textur
16、e3.5.1Definition3.5.2Test methods3.5.3Significance of particle shape and surface texture3.6Abrasion and impact resistance3.6.1Definition and significance3.6.2Test method3.7Soundness3.7.1Definition and mechanism of deterioration3.7.2Test methods3.7.3Pop-outs3.8Chemical stability3.8.1Definition and re
17、action mechanisms3.8.2Test methods3.8.3Corrective measures3.9Harmful substances in aggregates3.9.1Types of harmful substances3.9.2Effects of harmful substances3.9.3Test methodsChapter 4Sampling aggregates, p. E1-204.1Variability in aggregates4.2Sampling4.2.1Definition4.2.2Significance of variability
18、AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETEACI Education Bulletin E1-07Leonard W. Bell Morris S. Huffman Kenneth Rear Richard Bohan Colin Lobo Jere H. RoseDavid Burg Stella L. Marusin Paul J. TikalskyDarrell Elliot Ibrahim Metwally Kari YuersJames A. Farny Charles Nmai Robert ZellersJose P. Garcia Anthony C. PowersNote
19、: Special credit is extended to Ward R. Malisch, who developed the first edition and made aneditorial contribution to this edition.Developed by Committee E-701,Materials for Concrete ConstructionDavid M. Suchorski,Chair E1-2 ACI EDUCATION BULLETIN4.2.3Sampling plans4.2.4Sampling methods4.2.5Number a
20、nd size of field samples 4.2.6Sample containersChapter 5Blast-furnace slag aggregates, p. E1-215.1Blast-furnace slag5.1.1Definition5.1.2Properties5.1.3AvailabilityChapter 6Lightweight aggregates, p. E1-216.1Introduction to lightweight aggregates6.2Definition of lightweight-aggregate concrete6.3Low-d
21、ensity concretes and associated aggregates6.3.1Structural lightweight concrete and associatedaggregates6.3.2Moderate-strength lightweight concrete andassociated aggregates6.3.3PropertiesChapter 7Recycled aggregates, p. E1-237.1Introduction to recycled aggregates7.1.1Definition7.1.2PropertiesChapter
22、8Selected references on aggregates,p. E1-24Chapter 9Glossary, p. E1-25CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHydraulic cement concrete is a cement and water paste inwhich aggregate particles are embedded. Aggregate is granularmaterial such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, blast-furnaceslag, and lightweight aggregates
23、that usually occupies approxi-mately 60 to 75% of the volume of concrete. Aggregateproperties significantly affect the workability of plasticconcrete and also the durability, strength, thermal properties,and density of hardened concrete.This Bulletin describes types of aggregates normally usedin con
24、crete, aggregate properties affecting performance ofthe concrete, tests used to measure aggregate properties, andmethods used to obtain test samples. Normalweight as wellas lightweight aggregates are discussed.The measurement system used in this Bulletin is the Inter-national System of Units, or SI
25、Units. Accordingly, readersshould make particular note that the term “weight” has beenreplaced with “mass,” and “unit weight” has been replacedwith “density” when used in reference to the absolute volumeaggregates occupy in concrete, and with “bulk density”when used in reference to aggregates, such
26、as the mass perunit volume of a collection of graded aggregate particles ascompacted in a volumetric bucket or the relation of mass tovolume of aggregates in a stockpile or bin. As a convenience,most of the examples provided in the Bulletin are in both SIand U.S. customary (in.-lb) units.Frequent re
27、ferences are made to ASTM International(ASTM) standards. These include test methods, definitions,recommended practices, classifications, and specificationsthat have been formally adopted by ASTM. New editions ofthe ASTM Book of Standards are issued annually, and allreferences to these standards in t
28、his Bulletin refer to the mostrecent edition. Organizations such as ACI and others havesimilar or additional standards that may be applicable.CHAPTER 2CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATESAggregates may be broadly classified as natural or artificial,both with respect to source and to method of preparation.Na
29、tural sands and gravels are the product of weathering andthe action of wind or water, while manufactured crushed fineaggregate and crushed stone coarse and fine aggregate areproduced by crushing natural stone. Crushing, screening,and washing may be used to process aggregates from eithersand and grav
30、el deposits or stone quarries. Aggregatesmay be produced from igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphicrocks, but geological type does not by itself make an aggregatesuitable or unsuitable for use in concrete. The acceptance ofan aggregate for use in concrete on a particular job or inmeeting a particular
31、 specification should be based upon specificinformation obtained from tests used to measure the aggregatesquality or, more importantly, its service record, or both.More performance tests are also used to test aggregates inconcrete. A typical consensus specification for fine and coarseaggregate for c
32、oncrete is ASTM C 33.Synthetic aggregates may be either byproducts of an industrialprocess, in the case of blast-furnace slag, or products ofprocesses developed to manufacture aggregates with specialproperties, as in the case of expanded clay, shale, or slateused for lightweight aggregates. Some lig
33、htweight aggregatessuch as pumice or scoria also occur naturally.Other classifications of aggregates may be based on bulkdensity, (previously termed “unit weight”) (ASTM C 33, C 330,and C 637), mineralogical composition (ASTM C 294), andparticle shape, but these, as well as the ones previouslydiscus
34、sed, serve mainly as aids in describing an aggregate.To understand the role played by aggregate in the performanceof concrete, it is necessary to define specific aggregate propertiesand show their effect on concrete properties.CHAPTER 3AGGREGATE PROPERTIESAND TEST METHODS3.1Grading3.1.1 Definition a
35、nd test methodGrading refers to thedistribution of particle sizes present in an aggregate. Thegrading is determined in accordance with ASTM C 136, “Sieveor Screen Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.” A sampleof the aggregate is shaken through a series of wire-clothsieves with square openings, ne
36、sted one above the other inorder of size, with the sieve having the largest openings on top,the one having the smallest openings at the bottom, and a panunderneath to catch material passing the finest sieve (Fig. 1).Sieve sizes commonly used for concrete aggregates are detailedin Table 1, and variou
37、s physical properties of normalweightaggregates, with typical range values, are shown in Table 2.Coarse and fine aggregates are generally sieved separately.That portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4)AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE E1-3sieve and predominantly retained on the 75 m (No. 200)sieve
38、is called “fine aggregate” or “sand,” and larger aggregateis called “coarse aggregate.” Coarse aggregate may be availablein several different size groups, such as 19 to 4.75 mm (3/4 in.to No. 4), or 37.5 to 19 mm (1-1/2 to 3/4 in.).ASTM C 33 (“Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggre-gates”) lists
39、 several such size groups using the simplifiedpractice recommendation (SPR) number designation. Thenumber and size of sieves selected for a sieve analysis dependson the particle sizes present in the sample and the gradingrequirements specified.After sieving, the mass of material retained on each sie
40、veand in the pan is obtained using a balance accurate to 0.1%of the test-sample mass. Results are recorded in tabular formwith some or all of the following quantities retained on eachsieve, individual percent retained on each sieve (and passingthe sieve above), and total percent of the whole samplep
41、assing each sieve. For an accurate determination of theamount of material finer than the 75 m (No. 200) sieve, aspecimen is washed in accordance with ASTM C 117. Thismay be done on the sieve analysis sample before sieving(with the results included in the sieve analysis) or it can bedone on a separat
42、e sample.Grading charts are often used to show the results of a sieveanalysis graphically. The percent passing is usually plottedon the vertical axis, while the sieve sizes are plotted on thehorizontal axis. Upper and lower limits specified for theallowable percentage of material passing each sieve
43、mayalso be included on the grading chart. Figure 2 shows atypical grading chart for coarse and fine aggregates havinggrading calculated in the following two examples. To eval-uate consistency of the grading the individual size fractionsof a coarse aggregate, fine aggregate (or the calculatedproposed
44、 combined aggregate grading in concrete) is some-times plotted separately to identify any gaps or excessamounts in particular sizes.Table 1Sieves commonly used for sieve analysis of concrete aggregatesStandard sieve designation (ASTM E 11)Nominal sieve openingmm in.Coarse sievesStandard Alternate75.
45、0 mm 3 in. 75.0 363.0 mm 2-1/2 in. 63.0 2.550.0 mm 2 in. 50.0 237.5 mm 1-1/2 in. 37.5 1.525.0 mm 1 in. 25.0 119.0 mm 3/4 in. 19.0 0.7512.5 mm 1/2 in. 12.5 0.59.5 mm 3/8 in. 9.5 0.375Fine sieves4.75 mm No. 4 4.75 0.18702.36 mm No. 8 2.36 0.09371.18 mm No. 16 1.18 0.0469600 m*No. 30 0.60 0.0234300 m N
46、o. 50 0.30 0.0117150 m No. 100 0.15 0.0059Finest sieve normally used for aggregates75 m No. 200 0.075 0.0029*1000 m (micro-meters) = 1 mm.Table 2Ranges in physical properties for normal-weight aggregates used in concreteProperty Typical rangesFineness modulus of fine aggregate (defined in the follow
47、ing)2.0 to 3.3Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate9.5 to 37.5 mm(3/8 to 1-1/2 in.)Absorption 0.5 to 4%Bulk specific gravity (relative density) 2.30 to 2.90Dry-rodded bulk density*of coarse aggregate1280 to 1920 kg/m3(80 to 120 lb/ft3)Surface moisture contentCoarse aggregate 0 to 2%Fine aggregate
48、 0 to 10%*Previously dry-rodded unit weight.Fig. 1Nest of sieves.Fig. 2Typical grading chart. Dashed lines indicate limitsspecified in ASTM C 33 for fine aggregates and for 25.0 mm(1 in.) coarse aggregate.E1-4 ACI EDUCATION BULLETINExample 1: Calculations for sieve analysis of fine aggregateA sample
49、 of fine aggregate with a mass of 510.5 g is passedthrough the sieves shown in the following and the massesretained on each sieve are as shown.Note that the total of masses retained may differ slightlyfrom the original sample mass due to loss or gain in the sievingprocess or due to round-off error. Because the mass of materialon each sieve is determined to within 0.1% of the total samplemass, the maximum difference should not exceed 0.1% timesthe number of mass determinations. In this example
