1、 Paul IUieger Symposium on Pedomance of Concrete David Whiting Editor SP-122 AC1 SP-122 70 0662747 0007601 5 - -_ DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. C
2、losing date for submission of discussion is February 1, 1991. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities cormnittee along with closing remarks by the authors will be publishedintheJuly/August1991issueofeitherACI Structural Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis o
3、f the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The pa
4、pers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright 1990 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 19150 Redford Station Detroit, Michigan 48219 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in an
5、y form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from t
6、he copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Patricia Kost LIBMY OF CONGFESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 90-82050 - AC1 SP-122 90 m 0bb2947 0009602 7 m PREFACE The Paul Uieger international symposium on Performance of Concrete, Co-sponsored by Committees 201 on Dur
7、ability of Concrete and 222 on Corrosion of Metals in Concrete, was held at the AC1 Fall Meeting in San Diego, California in November, 1989. At the opening session I had the pleasure and personal honor of dedicating the symposium to Mr. Paul Klieger. Although Mr. Kliegers many accomplishments are ve
8、ry familiar to his numerous friends and acquaintances in ACI, a brief biographical sketch precedes the preface. Mr. Klieger has been very active in the work of Committee 201, and his knowledge of both experimental findings and practical applications has been invaluabletothe committees activities. A
9、total of 24 papers was presented at the four sessions of the symposium. The speakers addressed topics ranging from fundamental laboratory studies of concrete durability to case histories of concrete rehabilitation. This volume has been arranged in three parts. Part I covers the more funda- mental as
10、pects and laboratory investigations. Part II covers field studies where concrete is exposedto naturalconditions. Part III covers case histories of the performance and rehabi- litation of concrete structures in severeserviceenvironments. The symposium was noted for its international flavor and for th
11、e variety of topics addressed. These included, among others, freeze-thaw resistance, deicer scaling, permeability, corrosionofreinforcementandprestressing, sulfateresistance, microbiologically-induced deterioration, and performance in marine environments. The authors are to be congratulated on the c
12、larity of their presentations and their prompt response to the many requests from the symposium chair. I would like to thank Mr. Steven Gebler for serving as co- chairman of this symposium, and Messers David Stark and Bernie Erlin for serving as session chairmen. I would also like to thank the many
13、members of committees 201 and 222 who helped review the manuscripts which make up this volume. David Whiting Chairman, AC1 Committee 222 CorrosionofMetalsinConcrete . 7 U1 / . AC1 SP-L22 70 Obb27Y7 0007603 7 W ACI Clmdttee 201 Durability of Comete Cameron MacInnis ChairInan Stanley J. Blas, Jr. w. B
14、arry Witler RamOnL. Carraqu 110 Paul D. Carter Boguclaw chojnacki Kennethc. Clear William A. cordon Bernard m1in mry Fakas per Fidjestol John F. Gibbons Eugene D. Hill, Jr. Jens Holm Robert D. Hooton Gunnar M. Idorn John M. Jaffe paul Klieger Joseph F. Lamond Torbjom J. Larsen KennethR. Lauer Maum J
15、. Scali Secretary Stella L. Marusin Timothy B. Masters Katharine Mather Tarun R. Naik Haward Newlon, Jr. Robert E. Price Dr. Rasheduzzafar Thomac J. Reading Charles F. Scholer Jan P. Skalny Peter smith J. Derle Thorpe Claude B. Trusty, Jr. George J. Venta Orville R. Werner, II David A. Whiting J. Cr
16、aig Williams Byron 1. Zolin Gary L. vondran Corrocion of Metals in Ccmcrete David A. Whiting Chairman Kenneth C. Clear J- R. Clifton I. cornet Bernard Erlin Brian B. Hope Kenneth C. Hover Alan Kin cheoq Ip W. Scott Kilpatrick Joseph A. Lehmann David G. Manning Keith A. pashina Secretary Walter J. Mc
17、Coy Randall W. poston Robert E. Price Harold Roper David C. Stark Wayne J. Swiat Ted E. Webster Richard E. Weyers Joe A. Willett Ephraim senbetta AC1 SP-122 90 0662747 0009604 O Mr. Paul Klieger was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1916. He completed his studies at the University of Wisconsin and rec
18、eived a Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering in 1938. Subsequent to graduation, Mr. Klieger served as a research assistant intheMechanics Department, as amaterials inspector for the state of Wisconsin, and as an assistant engineer with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In 1941 he joined the Portl
19、and Cement Association, Chicago, Illinois and, with the exception of military service from 1942 to 1945, was employed by PCA until retiring in 1986. While at the PCA, Mr. Xlieger served in the capacities of associate research engineer, senior research engineer, manager of field research, manager of
20、applied research, and director of concrete materials research. He was responsible for much of the work of PCA on durability of concrete, with special emphasis on frost resistance, resistance to deicing chemicals, and sulfate resistance. Mr. Klieger has received many awards, including the AC1 Disting
21、uished Service Award in 1970, the ASTM Award of Merit in 1970, the ASTM Frank E. Richart Award in 1977, and the AC1 Arthur R. Anderson Award in 1980. Mr. Klieger is a Fellow and Honorary Member of AC1 and also a Fellow and Honorary Member of ASTM. He has served on AC1 and ASTM committees too numerou
22、s to mention here, and is a former Chairman of AC1 Committee 201 on Durability of Concrete. O AC1 SP-L22 70 W 0662749 0007605 2 CONTENTS PREFACE iii PART I - LABORATORY STUDIES HOW TO MAKE CONCRETE THAT WILL BE IMMUNE TO THE EFFECTS OF FREEZING AND THAWING by B. Mather. 1 DURABILITY OF HIGH STRENGTH
23、 CONCRETE by P.K. Mehta.lg DEICER SALT SCALING RESISTANCE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by R. Gagne, M. Pigeon, and P.-C. Aitcin. . 29 SUITABILITY OF THE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES OF OXYGEN PERMEABILITY IN ORDER TO PREDICT CORROSION RATES OF CONCRETE REBARS by C. Andrade, C. Alonso, I. Rz-Maribona, and
24、M. Garcia.45 FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF CONCFU3TE COATED WITH LINSEED OIL by T. Rezansoff and D. Stott61 EFFECTS OF “SECOND-GENERATION“ HIGH RANGE WATER-REDUCERS ON DURABILITY AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETES by D. Whiting and W. Dziedzic . 81 AIR VOIDS IN CONCRETE: A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE
25、 OF SUPERPLASTICIZERS BY MEANS OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPY by R. Pleau, M. Pigeon, R.M. Faure, and T. Sedranl05 HIGH QUALITY TREMIE CONCRETES FOR UNDERWATER REPAIRS by K.H. Khayat, B.C. Gerwick, Jr., and W.T. Hester.l25 CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE EXPOSED TO
26、 MARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS by S. Somayaji, D. Keeling, and R. Heidersbach . 139 PART II - FIELD RESEARCH LO“ SERVICE LIFE OF CONCRETE by L.H. Tuthill 173 THE FREEZING-AND-THAWING ENVIRONMENT: WHAT IS SEVERE? by N.M. Vanderhorst and D.J. Janssen.l81 FIELD EXPOSURE OF CONCRETE TO SEVEXE NATUR
27、AL WEATHERING by J.F. Iamond and M.K. Lee201 FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY AND DEICER SALT SCALING RESISTANCE OF ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS by J. Marchand, M. Pigeon, H.L. Isabelle, and J. Boisvert 217 / . vii /- . .- AC1 SP-122 90 m 0662949 O009606 4 AN OVERVIEW OF A NEW FIELD AND LABORATORY STUD
28、Y OF THE LXJRABILITY OF FEINFORCED AND POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT by E.F. ONeill D.V. Reddy, T.W. Bremner, W.H. Hartt, and M. Arockiacamy . 237 THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM NITRITE AND MICROSILICA ADMIXTURFS ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STEEL IN CONCRETE by N.S. Berke and K.M. Sundber
29、g 265 POTENTIAL FOR CARBONATION OF CONCRETE IN CANADA by J.A. Bickley 281 INVOLVEMENT OF SULFUR-OXIDIZING BACTERIA IN CONCRETE DETERIORATION by C.F. Kulpa and C.J. Baker. 313 I PART III - CASE HISTORIES REPAIR STRATEGY AND EVALUATION OF MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE SHELLS FOR
30、 TWO NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS by S. Gebler, P. Nussbaum, W. Dziedzic, J. Glikin, A. Litvin, W. Bilenki, Jr., and J. Stefanik 323 I DURABIUTY OF A PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONVEYOR BRIDGE STRUCTWtE AT A SALT MINE AFTER 17 YEARS OF SERVICE by R.W. Poston and M. Schupack . 363 by C.J. Hookham 3
31、85 REHABILITATION OF GREAT LAKES STEELS NMBER ONE WCK DETERIORATION AND REHABILITATION OF THE ELEVATED ROADWAY BRIDGE AT BALTIMORE/WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT by A.M. Vaysburd . 401 EVALUATION AND RI%PAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY by D. Bjegovic, V. Ukraincik, and 2
32、. Beus427 EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCREXE MASONRY IN A HIGHLY CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT by D.J. Akers 451 PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE IN A HIGH CHIORIDE-SULFATE ENVIRONMENT by M. Maslehuddin, H. Saricimen, A.I. Al-Mana, and M. Shamim. . 469 SI (metric) TABLES . 495 I INDEX. . 497 . . VI11 AC1 SP-122 70 W
33、Obb2747 0007b07 b 9 SP 122-1 How to Make Concrete that will be Immune to the Effects of Freezing and Thawing by B. Mather SvnoDsis: Concrete will be imune to the effects of freezing and thawing if (1) it is not in an environment where freezing and thawing take place so as to cause freezable water in
34、 the concrete to freeze, (2) when freezing takes place there are no pores in the concrete large enough to hold freezable water (i.e., no capillary cavities), (3) during freezing of freezable water, the pores containing freezable water are never more than 91 percent filled, i.e., not critically satur
35、ated, (4) during freezing of freezable water the pores containing freezable water are more than 91 percent full, the paste has an air-void system with an air-bubble located not more than 0.2 mm (0.008 in.) from anywhere (L I 0.2 mm), sound aggregate, and moderate maturity. Sound aggregate is aggrega
36、te that does not contain significant amounts of accessible capillary pore space that is likely to be critically saturated when freezing occurs. The way to establish that such is the case, is to subject properly air-entrained, properly mature concrete, made with the aggregate in question, to an appro
37、priate laboratory freezing-and-thawing test such as ASTM C 666 Procedure A. Moderate maturity means that the originally mixing water-filled space has been reduced by cement hydration so that the remaining capillary porosity that can hold freezable water is a small enough fractional volume of the pas
38、te so that the expansion of the water on freezing can be accommodated by the air-void system. Such maturity was shown by Klieger in 1956 to have been attained when the compressive strength reaches about 4,000 psi. Keywords: age; aggregates; air-entrained concretes; air entrainment; capillarity; comp
39、ressive strength; concretes; freeze-thaw durability; porosity; saturation; soundness; voids; water AC1 SP-122 90 U 0662949 O009608 8 2 Mather Bryant Mather is Chief, Structures Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., and has been with the Corps since
40、 1941. He is an Honorary Member and a past president of AC1 and is a member of several technical committees. He is currently chairman of Committee 116, Terminology and Notation. INTRODUCTION Most of the concrete that has ever been made in the world was made and used in environmental circumstances in
41、 which the issue of whether or not it would be adversely affected by freezing and thawing was irrelevant since the environmental exposure either did not involve freezing and thawing or it could be assumed with confidence that, when the concrete froze, it would not be critically saturated. It is not
42、necessary to know how to make concrete that will be immune to the effects of freezing and thawing if the concrete that one is interested in making will never be exposed to freezing and thawing when in a critically saturated condition. Concrete that is used in environmental situations in which it is
43、exposed to freezing and thawing while critically saturated and which is unaffected by such exposure has been made for probably as long as concrete has been made. Such inadvertently or unintentionally frost-resistant concrete has been made using aggregates that were frost resistant, with cement paste
44、 that was air entrained, or was concrete that, in spite of becoming critically saturated, had capillary porosity sufficiently low that the 9 percent expansion of the freezable water could be accommodated by the elastic and creep strain capacity of the concrete without rupture. So far as I can tell f
45、rom such literature as I have examined, up qntil about 50 or 60 years ago most people concerned with resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing simply used the rule of trying to figure out what materials and proportions and construction practices had been used previously with success in a compar
46、able exposure and attempted to duplicate or at least simulate those same materials and proportions and practices in the new concrete; without understanding, in any particular detail, why those aggregates, a cement of that composition, and a concrete produced in the way a particular concrete was prod
47、uced, yielded It durable concrete . This symposium honors Paul Klieger. With that in mind, I looked at the index of the first 227 Bulletins of the Research Department of Portland Cement Association Research and Development Laboratories, published in July 1969, and I observed that 18 Bulletins are li
48、sted in the author index following the entry “Klieger, Paul.“ I then looked at the titles and abstracts of I - . each of these, beginning with Bulletin 24 in 1949, which deals with the effect of entrained air on a number of properties of concrete including freezing-and-thawing resistance, all the wa
49、y down to Bulletin 218 in 1967 which deals with laboratory studies of blended cements for their effects on properties of concrete including freezing and thawing. So far as I could tell, 15 of the 18 Bulletins listed were concerned wholly or in part with freezing and thawing. As I shall emphasize later, it was Kliegers 1956 Highway Research Bulletin No. 150 paper that became PCA Research Bulletin 82 (Klieger, 1956) that was called “Curing Requirements for Scale Resistance of Concrete“ that contributed for the first time, at least that I ev
