1、COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling Serviceslin-Section Fiber Reinforced Concrete and Ferrocement J.I. Daniel S.E Shah Editors SP-124 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-124 90
2、a Obb29Y9 0010103 5 W DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is April 1, 1991. All discussion approved by the Te
3、chnical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be published in the Septernber/October issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinion
4、s expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by indiv
5、iduals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright 0 1990 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station Detroit, Michigan 48219 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by
6、any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial product
7、ion Patricia Kost Library of Congress catalog card number 90-82842 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesPREFACE Thin-section fiber reinforced concrete is portland cement concrete or mortar reinforced with dispersed, randomly oriented discr
8、ete fibers. Fibers can be metal (low carbon or stainless), mineral (glass or asbestos), synthetic organic (carbon, cellulose, or polymeric), or natural organic (sisal). Fiber lengths can range from 1/8 inch to 2 1/2 inches. Furthermore, many existing thin fiber-cement composites on the market today
9、comprise a blend of different fiber types. By ACIs definition, ferrocement is portland cement mortar reinforced by a number of very closely spaced layers of continuous fiber networks or meshes. Ferrocement can be manufactured with any of the fiber types mentioned above, even though its name might im
10、ply steel wire meshes. Therefore, to address all of the many thin-section fiber-cement building products available around the world today or under development, AC1 committees 544 on Fiber Reinforced Concrete and 549 on Ferrocement organized and cosponsored an international symposium. The original pa
11、pers for this symposium were presented at the AC1 conventions in Atlanta, February 1989 and in San Diego, November 1989. The papers were reviewed by members of both committees as well as members of the international community of experts on this subject. These original, reviewed, and revised papers c
12、onstitute this AC1 special publication. The papers are divided into four parts: (Part I) Synthetic Fibers, (Part 2) Glass Fibers, (Part 3) Steel Fibers, and (Part 4) Ferrocement and Other Thin-Section Composites. The editors gratefully acknowledge AC1 Committees 544 and 549, the reviewers, fhe autho
13、rs, Dr. Gordon B. Batson (symposium cochairman and Chairman of AC1 Committee 549), and the staff of AC1 who have made this volume a timely contribution to the state-of-the-art of thin-section fiber reinforced concrete and ferrocemenf. James I. Daniel, Coeditor and Secretary ACT Committee 544 Surendr
14、a P. Shah, Coeditor and Chairman AC1 Committee 544 . 111 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-124 70 0bb2747 0010105 7 W AC1 Committee 544 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE Surendra P. Shah Chairman James I. Daniel Secretary Shuaib H. Ahmad
15、 M. Arockiasamy P. N. Balaguru Clair G. Ball Hiram P. Ball, Jr. Nemkumar Banthia Gordon B. Batson Arnon Bentur Dennis Casamatta Marvin E. Criswell Sidney Freedman Richard E. Galer Melvyn A. Galinat V. S. Gopalaratnam Antonio J. Guerra Lloyd E. Hackman M. Nadim Hassoun Carol D. Hays Charles H. Henage
16、r George C. Hoff Roop L. Jindal Colin D. Johnston David R. Lankard Mark A. Leppert Brij M. Mago Henry N. Marsh Assir Melamed N. C. Mitchell Henry J. Molloy Dudley R. Morgan Antoine E. Naaman Antonio Nanni Stanley L. Paul Seth L. Pearlman V. Ramakrishnan D. V. Reddy CONSULTING MEMBERS Ralph C. Robins
17、on E. K. Schrader Morris Schupack Shan Somaya j i Parvis Soroushian James D. Speakman R. N. Swamy Peter C. Tatnall Ben L. Tilsen George J. Venta Gary L. Vondran Methi Wecharatana G. R. Williamson Ronald E. Witthohn George Y. Wu Spencer T. Wu Robert C. Zellers Ronald F. Zollo Craig A. Ballinger Yoshi
18、hiko Ohama A. J. Majumdar C. D. Pomeroy Roman Malinowski Alan W. Schwarz Winston A. Marsden Eng. Ake Skarendahl Dirk E. Nemegeer Junji Takag AC1 Committee 549 FERROCEMENT Gordon B. Batson Chairman P. N. Balaguru Secretary M. Arockiasamy Antoine E. Naaman R. N. Swamy Jose Castro Antonio Nanni Ben L.
19、Tilsen Antonio J. Guerra D. V. Reddy G. R. Williamson Martin Iorns J. P. Romualdi Ronald F. Zollo Colin D. Johnston S. P. Shah R. Zubieta iv COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-124 90 Obb29y7 001010b O W CONTENTS PREFACE iii PART 1
20、 - SYNTHETIC FIBERS SPECIALTY CELLULOSE FIBERS FOR CEMENT REINFORCEMENT by K.D. Vinson and J.I. Daniel 1 PERFORMANCE OF NON-ASBESTOS FIBER CEMENT SHEETING by J.G. Keer . 19 FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES FOR A NEW CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CEMENT PRODUCT by T. Ando, H. Sakai, K. Takahashi, T. Hoshijima, M
21、. Awata, and S. Oka 39 ORIENTED POLYETHYLENE FIBROUS PULP REINFORCED CEMENT coMPosITEs bt D.M. Gale, A.H. Shah, and P. Balaguru 61 DEVELOPMENT OF ARAMID FBER REINFORCED CEMENT COMPOSITES by P. Soroushian, 2. Bayasi, and A. Khan, 79 REINFORCEMENT OF CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS WITH CELLULOSE FIBERS by P.
22、Soroushian and S. Marikunte 99 PLASTIC SHRINKAGE AND PERMEABILITY IN POLYPROPYLENE REINFORCED MORTAR by M.A. Sanjuan, B. Bacle, A. Moragues, and C. Andrade . 125 PART 2 - GLASS FIBERS INTERACTION BETWEEN FIBERS AND THE MATRIX IN GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE by B Mobasher and S.P. Shah 137 DESIGN
23、CONSIDERATIONS FOR GFRC FACADES by R.G. Oesterle, D.M. Schultz, and J.D. Glikin 157 V COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-124 90 m 0bb2749 0010107 2 m MANUFACTURE AND INSTALLATION OF GFRC FACADES by N.W. Hanson, J.J. Roller, J.I. D
24、aniel, and T.L. Weinmann . 183 IMPROVEMENT OF THE DURABILITY OF GFRC BY SILICA FUME TREATMENTS by A. Bentur 215 GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CEMENT IN MINING APPLICATIONS by 1.R.K. Greig 233 PART 3 - STEEL FIBERS STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT by N.C. Kothari
25、247 PROPERTIES OF SANDWICH BEAMS WITH THIN LAYER OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED MORTAR by M. Rahimi and H.T. Cao . 265 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THIN SFRC AND by S.K. Kaushik, R.M. Vasan, P.N. Godbole, D.C. Goel, and S.K. Khanna . 279 FERRO-FIBRO OVERLAYS PART 4 - FERROCEMENT AND OTHER THINSECTION COMPOSITE
26、S DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROCEMENT ELEMENTS UNDER TENSION by T.P. Tassios and V. Karaouli . 297 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF THIN FIBER REINFORCED AND FERROCEMENT SHEETS by R.N. Swamy and M.W. Hussin 323 TENSILE BEHAVIOR OF THIN FERROCEMENT PLATES by R.N. Swamy and Y.B.I. Shaheen 357 INVESTIGATION
27、 OF PRECAST FERROCEMENT PLANKS CONNECTED BY STEEL BOLTS by T.S. Krishnamoorthy, V.S. Parameswaran, M. Neelamegam, and K. Balasubramanian 389 vi COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-124 90 0bb2747 0010108 LI BEHAVIOR OF THIN SHEET FR
28、C UNDER IMPACT LOADING by A. Bentur, S. Mindess, and C. Yan . 405 THIN SHEET GLASS AND SYNTHETIC FABRIC REINFORCED by M. Schupack 421 CONCRETE 60-120 POUND pfc DENSITY SI (metric) TABLES . 437 INDEX 439 vii COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling Ser
29、vicesAC1 SP-124 90 W 0662949 OOLOLO9 b Will - SP 124-1 Specialty Cellulose Fibers for Cement Reinforcement by K. D. Vinson and J. I. Daniel Svnousis: of cellulose fibers suited to the reinforcement of a Portland Cement matrix. This paper describes the investigation of a new range This investigation
30、indicated that fibers selectively derived from high density summerwood are better suited for reinforcement than is the unmodified pulp which contains a large measure of fibers derived from springwood as well as summerwood. Another cellulose fiber material, termed expanded fiber because of its finely
31、 fibrillated microstructure, was indicated to have potential as a processing aid. excellent suspending and retention properties and imparted relatively high uncracked strength to finished composites. Overall, substantial performance differences were observed comparing tests on wet versus dry specime
32、ns and the long term durability was not evaluated. Despite these limitations, flexural stress/strain performance of the cellulose reinforced composites compared quite well to asbestos and glass fiber reinforced composites. substantially more ductility than asbestos cement; in this regard the load-de
33、flection curve was similar to glass reinforced cement. Expanded fiber displayed The cellulose composites had Keywords: fibers; flexural strength; load-deflection curve; performance tests; portland cements; reinforcing materials asbestos; cellulose fibers; ductility; fiberboard; 1 COPYRIGHT ACI Inter
34、national (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-L2Lt 90 0bb2949 OOLOLLO 2 2 Vinson and Daniel INTRODUCTION BackPround Asbestos for cement reinforcement consumed 1.5 million metric tons of fiber by early in this decade. principally for factory-made cement claddin
35、g panels and pipes produced in some 800-900 manufacturing units operating in virtually every country of the world. Consequently, the asbestos replacement activity during recent years has resulted in vast world-wide research into alternative cement reinforcement fibers. Usage was Cellulose is widely
36、regarded as offering one of the best cost/performance positions among the potential replacement fibers which include glass, carbon, aramid, acrylic, poly (vinyl alcohol), polypropylene, and others(1). Cellulose has been used for many years to some extent as an additive in the conventional asbestos c
37、ement industry; some of the asbestos cement replacement products utilize cellulose fibers as well(1). Cellulose fiber in these cases is sometimes used in small amounts, 1% or less by weight, in combination with the other fibers; in this role the cellulose contributes mainly processing benefits rathe
38、r than reinforcement(1). It is the purpose of this paper to report on an investigation designed to quantify the potential for cellulose fibers in general and, in particular, a new range of modified cellulose fibers to act as the sole reinforcement of a Portland Cement matrix. Cellulose Fiber Prepara
39、tion It was a purpose of this investigation to focus on the effect of novel forms of cellulose fibers achievable by making modifications to the physical form of the fibers. One of the modified fibers used in this study was made by a separation process by which a fraction composed predominantly of fi
40、bers of the summerwood type is created. of coniferious (softwood) trees are comprised of low density, springwood, rings and high density, summerwood, rings. For illustration, the SFJ micrographs in Figure 1 are two magnifications of a typical cross section of spruce, a Northern softwood. The thinner
41、 cell wall material of the springwood fibers compared to the summerwood fibers is clearly evident. Annual growth rings COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-124 30 0662949 OOJOlll LL Thin-Section FRC and Ferrocement 3 After the kraft
42、 pulping process, the fibers collapse into flat ribbons, with the springwood fibers being wider, but thinner than the summerwood fibers. Figure 2 is a photomicrograph of slash pine fibers after the pulping process. Slash pine is a Southern U.S. species and is the sole starting material for the cellu
43、lose fibers used in this investigation. Quantitatively, slash pine springwood fibers average 61 microns width at 12 microns cell wall thickness, while summerwood fibers average 37 microns width at 4 microns cell wall thickness. Since there is little difference in the fiber length or in the density o
44、f the cell wall substance, a given mass of the summerwood fibers will contain about one-half as many fibers as a given mass of springwood fibers. However, the Summerwood fibers have much higher fiber strength due directly to the greater mass of cell wall substance and indirectly to differences in th
45、e S2 cell wall ctructure(Z), in particular the average fibril angle(5). The naturally occurring unweighted percentage of summerwood fibers in the slash pine pulp, designated SSK in the present investigation, is 55%. For the purposes of this study, a fractionated laboratory sample which contained 86%
46、 summerwood fibers was prepared (SSK-SWD). A second modified fiber type was prepared by reducing SSK fibers to a finely divided fibrillar material to examine the effect of extreme fine particle diameter on the reinforcement potential. occurring cellulose fibers which are built-up of fibrils which ca
47、n be separated and further sub-divided into smaller and smaller diameters owing to the high levels of molecular orientation. Indeed, a level of fibrillation is introduced by the action of beaters and refiners in common use by the paper industry to alter the drainage and bonding characteristics of pa
48、per pulps. A much higher level of fibrillation was used to prepare the modified fiber referred to as Expanded Fiber (EF) in this paper. In EF the fibrillation process was carried to extreme to render the constituent fibrils virtually completely separated. Fibrillation is readily accomplished with na
49、turally The EF used in this investigation was prepared using SSK in a 1.5 liter horizontal media mill(3). A comparison of EF to SSK fiber prior to the fiber expansion process is illustrated by the micrographs in Figure 3, which display the fiber before and after the fibrillation process. The degree of fibrillation is best quantified by the tendency of an aqueous dispersion of EF to resist separating and settling from the aqueous medium. Specifically, the EF specimen in this investigation was fibrillated until a 0.1% dispersion of EF solids in water would settle to only 50% of its origina
