1、1997 CANMET/ACI DURABILITY OF CONCRETE DURABILIT DU BETON EDITOR V.M. MALHOTA 0 RDACTEUR EN CHEF SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1797 ali Obb2749 0532b03 057 841 - SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1777 W Obb2747 0532b04 T73 W Durability of Concrete Proceedings Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference Sydney, Australia, 1997 E
2、ditor V. M. Malhotra Volume 1 SP - 170 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is July 1, 1998. All discussion ap
3、proved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be published in the November / December 1998 issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the
4、 statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publicati
5、on procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright 1997 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo proc
6、ess, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editor
7、ial production Julie Carpenter Library of Congress catalog card number 97-072250 SP-Ii70 VOL I-ENGL 1997 Obb2949 0532bOb Bbb PREFACE The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) of Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, has played a significant role in Canada for over 33 years in the area
8、 of durability of concrete. In August i991, CANMET in association with the American Concrete Institute, Institute for Research in ConstructionNational Research Council, Ottawa, sponsored the second CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete. The conference was held August 4-9, 199
9、1, in Montreal, Canada, and was a follow- up of the Katherine and Bryant Mather International Conference on Concrete Durability held in Atlanta, Georgia, April 27-May 1, 1987. Unlike the first conference, this second conference was not named after any individual or individuals, and the future confer
10、ences in this series would follow this precedent. The refereed proceedings of the Atlanta and Montreal conferences were published as AC1 SP-100 and AC1 SP-126. respectively. In 1994, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute and several other organizations in Canada and France, Spo
11、nsored the Third International Conference on the subject. The conference was held May 22-28, 1994, in Nice, France. The proceedings of the of the conference consisting of 65 refereed papers were published as AC1 SP-145. In 1997, CANMET in association with the American Concrete Institute and several
12、other organizations in Australia sponsored the Fourth International Conference on the subject. The conference was held in Sydney, Australia. More than 120 papers from 30 countries were received and peer reviewed in accordance with the policies of the American Concrete Institute; 81 were accepted for
13、 publication. The accepted papers deal with all aspects of durability of concrete, including chloride and sulphate attack, freezing and thawing cycling, alkali-aggregate reactions, cathodic protection, and the role of supplementary cementing materials to enhance durability of concrete. A number of p
14、apers dealt with the durability of fiber-reinforced concrete and performance of repaired concrete structures. To all those whose submission could not be included in the symposium volume, the Institute and the Conference Organizing Committee extend their appreciation for their efforts and interest. I
15、n addition to the papers which have been published in the refereed proceedings, more than 30 other papers were presented at the conference. A number of these were published as “supplementary papers”, and the authors of these papers are encouraged to publish these in technical journals of their choic
16、e. . 111 SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1777 = Obb29Li7 0532b07 7T2 Thanks are extended to 20 members of the review panel which met in Casablanca, Morocco in May 1996 to review the papers. Several other AC1 and non-AC1 members also assisted in the review process, and their help is gratefully acknowledged Without
17、 the dedicated efforts of the reviewers it would not have been possible to have the proceedings ready for distribution at the conference. The cooperation of the authors in accepting reviewers suggestions, and in revising their manuscripts accordingly is greatly appreciated. The authors are also to b
18、e commended for their prompt return of the revised manuscripts. The help and assistance of A. Bilodeau (Chairman), B. Fournier, and R. Chevrier (members) of the slide review panel are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also extended to Harry S. Wilson, Maria Venturino, and Gordon D. Brearly for the
19、ir help in the processing of manuscripts, both for the AC1 proceedings and the supplementary volume. The contribution of Helayne Beavers, Managing Editor, ACI, and her staff to publish the proceedings on time is recognized. As an integral part of the conference, a special dinner to honor Mr. W. G. (
20、Mick) Ryan, Consultant, MacMasters Beach, Australia, for his outstanding contributions over 40 years in the area of concrete technology was held during the conference. V.M. Malliotra, P.Eng. Editor Chairman, CANMET/ACI Fourth International Conference on Durability of Concrete August 1997 internation
21、al Organizing Committee Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete Sydney, Australia 1997 V.M. Malhotra Chairman H.S. Wilson Secretary-Treasurer Members T.W. Bremner H.L. Isabelle Wilbert S. Langley V. S. Rarnachandran iv SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1777 m Obb2747 0532b08 b37 m CONTE
22、NTS PREFACE byV. M. Malhotra III . LONG-TERM INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH ON CHLORIDE-INDUCED CORROSION by Peter Schie1 and Udo Wiens .1 FIELD EVALUATION OF AN ACRYLIC RUBBER PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEM FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES by Y. Yarnada, T. Oshiro, S. Tanikawa and R. N. Swamy . .23 QUANTITATIVE
23、 DESCRIPTIONS OF STEEL CORROSION IN CONCRETE USING RESISTIVITY ANO ANODIC POLARISM DATA by Daksh Baweja, Harold Roper and Vute Sirivivatnanon. .65 THE EFFECT OF AIR-ENTRAINMENT ON A PUMPED, HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE USED IN A SEVERE MARINE ENVIRONMENT by G. C. Hoff and R. Elirnov . .64 IMPROVED DURABIL
24、ITY OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE DUE TO AUTOGENOUS CURING by S. Weber and H. W. Reinhardt . .93 FLY ASH CONCRETES IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA by Vute Sirivivatnanon and E. U. Kidav .i23 EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND CORROSION INHIBITOR ON REINFORCED CONCRETE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS by Chau Lee and M. G. Lee . ,141 EFFEC
25、T OF SOURCE ANO AMOUNT OF FLY ASH ON MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE by Tam R. Naik, Shiw S. Singh and Bruce Ramme. . 157 DURABILITY OF MORTARS AND CONCRETES CONTAINING GROUND CONVERTER SLAG by Malolepszy J. Deja ,189 V SP-II70 VOL I-ENGL II777 W Obb2747 0532b07 575 W EFFECTIVENESS
26、OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES AND CURING REGIMES ON AIR PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE by R. N. Swamy and A. A. Darwish .207 INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE DURABILITY OF CORROSION PROTECTION BY EPOXY-COATINGS ON REINFORCEMENT by J. Moersch, N. Brauer, C. Gehlen and Peter Schie1 . .231 INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY OF FLY ASH C
27、ONCRETE by C. Y. Lee, M. J. McCarthy and R. K. Dhir .247 ADMIXTURES TO REDUCE THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE by Sali1 K. Roy and Derek O. Northwood. . ,267 PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE SPECIMENS AFTER by N. H. Olsen and G. R. Summers . ,285 10-YEARS EXPOSURE IN BAHRAIN
28、DURABLE CONCRETE CONTAINING THREE OR FOUR CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS by W. Barry Butler . .309 INFLUENCE OF BINDER COMPOSITION ON CHLORIDE PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE by P. F. McGrath and R. D. Hooton . .331 CHLORIDE PENETRATION AND WATER ABSORPTION INTO P.C., FLY ASH AND SLAG CONCRETE UNDER DIFF
29、ERENT CURING CONDITIONS by Z. Tian Chang and M. Marosszeky .349 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE THRESHOLD VALUE OF THE CRITICAL CHLORIDE CONTENT by W. Breit and Peter Schie1 ,363 PREDICTING THE CORROSION OF STEEL IN CHLORIDE-CONTAMINATED CONCRETE by Youping Liu and Richard E. Weyers .379 CHLORIDE-INDUCED CORR
30、OSION OF EPOXY COATED STEEL IN SATURATED Ca(OH), SOLUTION AND IN CONCRETE by J. Havdahl, B. B. Hope and C. M. Hansson .397 APPLICATION OF RAPID CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY TEST TO EVALUATE THE CHLORIDE-ION PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE by K. Torri, T. Sasatani and M. Kawamura . .421 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLIN
31、DER PIPES EXPOSED INTERNALLY TO AGGRESSIVE WATER by A. A. Ibrahim, O. A. Abuazza and F. A. Tarrani . .437 vi SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1777 Obb2747 0532bLO 277 CHLORIDE THRESHOLD LEVELS, CORROSION RATES AND SERVICE LIFE FOR CRACKED HIGH. PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by K. Pettersson and P. Sandberg . .451 CORRELATI
32、ONS BETWEEN RAPID CHLORIDE TEST RESULTS AND ON-SITE CHLORIDE INGRESS by M. G. Alexander and P. E. Streicher .473 DETERIORATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE MARINE-INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE ARABIAN GULF: A CASE STUDY by Vladimir Novokshchenov . .491 LIMITATION OF THE WATER CONTENT OF CONCRETE AS
33、 A REPAIR METHOD FOR REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IN CARBONATED CONCRETE by Peter Schie1 and R. Weydert .519 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE DUE TO CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL by Kimberly E. Kurtis and Kumar Mehta . ,535 NEW CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING NEWL
34、Y DEVELOPED ALLOY by M. Funahashi, W. T. Young, M. R. Tighe, S. F. Oaily and C. Firlotte . 555 SYNERGY BETWEEN ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION AND OTHER DETERIORATION MECHANISMS IN CONCRETE by M. D. A. Thomas 571 DURABILITY OF IKALINE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MADE WITH ALKALI-REACTIVE AGGREGATES by P. K.
35、Krivenko, N. M. Mhitaryan, V. V. Chirkova and E. P. Zgardan . .587 ALKALI-AGREGATE RACTION IN THE ROADS AND TRAFFIC AUTHORITY BRIDGES, NSW, AUSTRAILIA by A. Shayan and H. Morris . !i97 MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE FROM PAVEMENT CONTAINING ALKALI-REACTIVE CARBONATE AGGREGATE AN SEM ANO OPTICAL MICROSCO
36、PE STUDY by E. F. Duke, M. R. Hansen and D. P. Johnston .617 ESTIMATION OF DEPTH OF CONCRETE CARBONATION by R. H. Zhang, T. Nakazawa and F. Imai . .633 USE OF LITHIUM TO CONTROL EXPANSION DUE TO ALKALI-SILICA REACTION IN CONCRETE CONTAINING U. K. AGGREGATES by B. O. Blackwell, M. D. A. Thomas and A.
37、 Sutherland . .649 vii SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1797 = Obb2747 0532b11 123 DURABILITY EVALUATIONS AND PERFORMANCE HISTORIES OF PROJECTS USING POLYOLEFIN FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE by V. Ramakrishnan and C. N. MacDonald . .665 USE OF HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH IN POLYPROPYLENE FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR SHOTCRET
38、E APPLICATIONS by M. H. Zhang, R. L. Chevrier, V. M. Malhotra and J. Mirza, .681 SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION OF MARINE STRUCTURES by Magne Maage, S. Helland and J. E. Carlsen. 723 BEHAVIOR OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS IN A HOT, DRY CLIMATE by S. H. Alsayed and M. A. Al-Shihri .745 SPECIFICATIONS A
39、ND TESTING FOR CORROSION DURABILITY OF MARINE CONCRETE: THE AUSTRAILIAN PERSPECTIVE by F. G. Collins and W. R. Grace ,757 A RATIONAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE SERVICE LIFE OF RC STRUCTURES IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT by K. Yokozeki, K. Motohashi, K. Okada and T. Tsutsurni . .777 viii SP-170 VOL I-ENGL 1997 =
40、 Obb29Li7 0532bL2 ObT m SP 170-1 Long-Term Influence of Fly Ash on Chloride-Induced Corrosion by Peter Schie1 and Udo Wiens Svnopsis: The durability of reinforced concrete structures has been acquiring an increasing degree of emphasis in research activities. The development of concrete mixtures with
41、 regard to different attacks imposed on concrete structures by climatic influences plays a decisive role in this context. Under certain conditions, the performance of these concretes can be increased by using pozzolanic additions, such as fly ash or blast-furnace slag, as cementitious components. Th
42、is publication intends to summarise the influence of these cementitious components on important processes contributing to chioride-induced corrosion. Diffusion and corrosion cells were used to examine the difision resistance and corrosion rate of mortars and concretes containing up to 60 mass.% of f
43、ly ash and up to 75 mass.% of blast- furnace slag in relation to the total content of cementitious binders. The results of pore structure investigations were also employed in order to clari the influence of these cementitious components on ion transport in the microstructure of the concrete. Keyword
44、s: Blast-furnace slag; chlorides; concrete; corrosion; diffusion; durability; fly ash; porosity. 1 2 Schiel and Wiens AC1 member Peter Schiel has a Ph.D. in civil engineering from Technical University in Munich and is Director of the Institute for Building Materials Research (Institut fir Bauforschu
45、ng, ibac) of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH Aachen). Key research topics include concrete technology, utilization of industrial by-products, operational performance and durability of reinforced and prestressed concrete, corrosion, corrosion protection and repair. Professor Schiel chairs o
46、r sits in numerous national and international committees. Udo Wiens has been a Research Engineer at the ibac since 1991. His field of activity includes research work on reaction mechanisms of fly ash and silica fume in concrete and the effect of these additions on chloride-induced corrosion. INTRODU
47、CTION The service life of concrete structures exposed to chlorides (see-water, deicing salts, etc.) strongly depends on the quality of concrete cover. Prolonging the time to initiation of the corrosion process and reducing the corrosion rate once the corrosion process has started should be one of th
48、e primary aims when designing concrete mixtures for structures exposed to chlorides. It is well known that the use of fly ash or blast-furnace slag improves the corrosion resistance of portland cement concretes (1,2). The main beneficial effect of fly ash is related to the refinement of the pore str
49、ucture by the pozzolanic reaction reducing diffusion rates and electrolytic conductivity of concrete (3). Some authors have reported an increase in the chloride binding capacity when fly ash is added to the portland cement concretes (43. Most of the investigations done until now concentrate on the influence of fly ash on chloride binding or chloride transport. In this paper an approach is made to valuate the effects of fly ash on the transport and the physisorptive binding of chloride and the consequences for the corrosion of steel in concrete. Diffusion coeffici
