1、e ElementAnalysis of einforced Concrete Structures i Tanabe Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures Editors Kaspar Willam Tada-aki Tanabe h international“ SP-205 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Pu
2、blication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is June 2002. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be published in the September/October 2002 issue of either AC1 Structu
3、ral Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or jud
4、gment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright O 200 1 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333
5、-9094 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or ret
6、rieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Bonnie L. Gold Library of Congress catalog card number: 2001098847 ISBN: 0-8703 1-064-X PREFACE AND DEDICATION This Special Volume of the Am
7、erican Concrete Institute is dedicated to Alexander C. Scordelis, Professor Emeritus of the University of California at Berkeley, prominent structural engineer and educator. The 18 papers are written to honor Alexander Scordelis for initiating, developing, and leading the field of finite element ana
8、lysis of reinforced concrete structures, a research field that has attracted eminent research scientists and engineers from all over the world. It all started in 1967 with the publication of a paper in the Journul of the American Concrete Institute entitled “Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Con
9、crete Beams.” At that time, the finite element method had reached a certain degree of maturity at the University of California at Berkeley. Given Scordeliss interest in the analysis and design of concrete structures, it was only natural that he would apply this new analytical tool to model the nonli
10、near crack and bond behavior of a reinforced concrete beam. Little did he know that this paper would become a classic and establish a new field of scientific inquiry. In May 1977, Scordelis took the initiative to form the joint ACI-ASCE Task Committee on Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforc
11、ed Concrete Structures, FEARCS, in the form of a letter addressed to persons known to be active in this field. The formation of this committee was approved in August 1977, with Arthur Nilson as its first chairman In 1982, this task committee published its first state-of-the-art report as a special p
12、ublication of ASCE, which became by far the most frequently quoted reference on the subject. In 1985, the standing ACI-ASCE Committee 447 joined the JCI Research Committee on Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures of the Japan Concrete Institute in Tokyo to organize a joint semina
13、r, under chairmen Christian Meyer and Hajime Okamura. The proceedings contain 40 papers, which were published in 1986 in the form of a special publication by ASCE. The same committees held a second joint seminar on the campus of Columbia University in New York City in 1991. The proceedings of this m
14、eeting were arranged in nine topical sections that update the original state-of-the-art report of 1982. They were edited and published in 1993 by chairman Dr. Jeremy Isenberg under the heading “Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures II.” The present volume of AC1 features 18 paper
15、s that were presented during the AC1 Fall 2000 Convention in Toronto. The three-session mini-symposium was sponsored jointly by the ACI-ASCE Committee 447, chaired by Kaspar Willam, and the JCI Committee on Post-Peak Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Loads, under chair
16、Tada-aki Tanabe. It is the post-peak behavior of concrete and bond that has challenged the community of finite element analysts for a long time. Thereby, the prediction of ductility demands in earthquake engineering constitutes a major obstacle within the research field, which Professor Scordelis wa
17、s so instrumental in creating 23 years earlier. By dedicating this volume to Alexander Scordelis, the authors, former students, colleagues, and friends wish to applaud a long and productive career and wish him many more happy years. Kaspar Willam University of Colorado, Boulder Tada-aki Tanabe Nagoy
18、a University Hiroshi Noguchi Chiba University Christian Meyer Columbia University Frieder Seible University of California, San Diego Filip Filippou University of California, Berkeley IV ALEXANDER C. SCORDELIS BIOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY Alexander C. Scordelis is the Bryon L. and Elvira E. Nishkian Professo
19、r Emeritus of Structural Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley, where he has been a member of the faculty since 1949. He has taught a large number of undergraduate and graduate courses i,n analysis and design of structures. He has been actively engaged in research in a variety of f
20、ields throughout his career, including analytical and experimental investigations of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams, slabs, folded plates, and thin shell and bridge structures. The major research contributions of Professor Scordelis have been on three principal topics: concrete thin shell
21、s, box girder bridges, and the nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced and prestressed systems. For concrete thin shells during the 1950s and the 1960s, he developed linear methods of analysis that could be utilized effectively with digital computers to analyze shell structures of all shapes
22、 and types. In recent years he has extended this work, using nonlinear finite element analysis to simulate the structural response of arbitrary reinforced concrete shell structures through their elastic, cracking, inelastic, and ultimate loads ranges, taking into account nonlinear materials, geometr
23、y, and the time-dependent effects of creep and shrinkage. For many years he has conducted a continuing research program on concrete box girder bridges to study successively straight, simple, and continuous bridges, curved bridges, and skew bridges. Results of this research have been used widely in t
24、he United States and abroad. This work was then, and is now, being extended to prestressed concrete segmental box girder bridges and cable-stayed bridges. In these studies, the effects of prestressing, sequence of construction, and time-dependent effects are included in the analytical procedure. He
25、also has conducted a continuing research program on the finite element analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. His original papers on this subject in 1967 were the first to open up this new area of research, which is now being studied by researchers throughout the world. Results
26、of research in V this field of study have been used in the analysis and design of bridges, buildings, nuclear containment structures, and offshore platforms. Professor Scordelis has always had interest in applying the results of his research to practical engineering problems. During the past 40 year
27、s, he has been a consultant to various structural engineering firms and governmental agencies on more than forty major projects involving shell structures, bridge structures, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, and computer solutions for complex structural systems. Professor Scordelis is
28、 an Honorary Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a Fellow of the American Concrete Institute. He is an Honorary Member of the Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. He is also a member of the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California and the American Segmental
29、Bridge Institute. He is a registered Civil Engineer in the State of california. He has received many awards, including the ASCE Moissieff Award three times, in 1976, 1981, and 1992; the Western Electric Award for Excellence in Engineering Teaching in 1978; the Best Paper Award from the Canadian Soci
30、ety of Civil Engineers in 1982; the K. B. Woods Award of the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences in 1982; the ASCE Howard Award in 1989; and the University of California “Berkeley Citation” in 1990. In 1987 he was awarded the Bryon L. and Elvira E. Nishkian Chair as Professor
31、 of Structural Engineering, and in 1989 he was appointed by Governor Deukmejian to the Governors Board of Inquiry on the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. He is a Member of the Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board and the Chairman of the Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Instrumentation Advisory Panel. In 1994 he wa
32、s appointed to the Blue Ribbon Panel for the review of the structural evaluation of the Kingdome in Seattle. He was elected into the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 with a citation for “pioneering the development and application of advanced structural analysis to the design of record breakin
33、g and unique structural systems.” In 1993 he received the highest honor of the ASBI, the Leadership Award, for “outstanding contributions in research and computer program development for analysis of segmental concrete bridges.” In 1993 he received the Berkeley Engineering Alumni Society Distinguishe
34、d Engineering Alumnus Award, which stated: “.who by his contributions to elegant structures and devotion to educating generations of Berkeley engineers has brought distinction to the College of Engineering and its alumni.” In 1994 he received the highest honor, awarded only every three or four years
35、, by two separate international organizations: first from IASS, the Torroja Medal, “for his contributions to the analysis and design of thin shell concrete structres”; and second from FIP, the Freyssinet Medal, “for his contribution in prestressed concrete structures.” i VI . Preface 111 Biographica
36、l Summary of Alexander C. Scordelis . v NLFEARC: Look Both Ways Before Crossing by F. J. Vecchio and D. Palermo 1 UCSD Shear Column Benchmark Tests by R. K. Dowell and F. Seible 15 Seismic Behavior Predictions of Structures: A Local Nonlinear Mechanisms Approach by F. Ragueneau and J. Mazars . 41 Th
37、ree-Dimensional Cyclic Analysis of Compressive Diagonal Shear Failure by J. Oibolt and Y.-J. Li . 61 Analysis of RC Column Experiments at UCSD by an Equivalent Lattice Model by A. Itoh and T. Tanabe 81 Spring Network Models for Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Cyclic Loading by S. Saito
38、 and T. Higai 97 Finite Element Analysis of UCSD Shear Columns by R. K. Dowell and D. R. Parker . 121 Analysis of UCSD Columns by Modified Compression Field Theory by E. Bentz 145 Cyclic Analysis of RC Columns by Macro-Element Approach by N. Shirai, K. Moriizumi, and K. Terasawa 169 Simulation Strat
39、egies to Predict Seismic Response of RC Structures by T.-S. Han, S. L. Billington, and A. R. Ingraffea 191 Influence of Constitutive Laws on Shear Failure of Concrete Beams Without Web Reinforcement in Several Shear-Span Ratios by Y. Kaneko and H. Mihashi . 215 Capturing the Shear Failure of Reinfor
40、ced Concrete Beams With Snap-Back Instability by. T. Tanabe and A. Itoh . 233 A Concrete-Steel Bond Model for Use in Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Structures by L. N. Lowes 251 Modeling of Nonlinear Cyclic Behavior of Reinforcing Bars by H. Nakamura and T. Higai . 273 Pinching Effec
41、t in Hysteretic Loops of R/C Shear Elements by M. Y. Mansour, T. T. C. Hsu, and J. Y. Lee 293 Stress Hybrid Embedded Crack Element for Analysis of Concrete Fracture by B. Spencer and P. B. Shing 323 Concrete Damage as a Fatigue Phenomenon by C. Meyer . 347 Dilatational Response of Concrete Materials
42、: Facts and Fiction by G. Etse, D. Sfer, I. Carol, R. Gettu, and K. Willam 367 VIII SP 205-1 NLFEARC: look Both Ways Before Crossing by F. J. Vecchio and D. Palermo Svnopsis: A critical look is taken at the state-of-the-art in nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures. In e
43、xamining the results of recent prediction competitions, the accuracy of such analysis procedures is gauged. Reasons for caution when applying nonlinear analysis methods are then identified and discussed. Finally, the results of a test program involving shear critical beams are presented in support o
44、f the contention that the behaviour of reinforced concrete is still not well understood. The tests represent a good challenge for validating current procedures. Keywords: analysis; concrete structures; finite element; nonlinear; panel test; shear; shear beams 1 2 Vecchio and Palermo Frank J. Vecchio
45、 is professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto. His interests relate to nonlinear analysis and design of concrete structures, constitutive modelling, assessment, and repair and rehabilitation of structures. He is Deputy Chair offib Commission 4, Chair
46、 offib Task Group 4.4, and a member of ASCE-AC1 Committee 447. Daniel Palermo, P. Eng, is a doctora1 candidate in the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto. He received his M.A.Sc. and B.A.Sc. from the University of Toronto. His research interests include constitutive modelling of c
47、oncrete subjected to cyclic loading, and experimental testing of shear walls. INTRODUCTION Nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete (NLFEARC) has taken tremendous strides forward since initial applications about 40 years ago. Much research activity has occurred in the realm of consti
48、tutive modelling of reinforced concrete behaviour and in the development of sophisticated analysis algorithms. Occurring at the same time, and no less significant, were quantum leaps in computing technology, greatly expanding the size of analyses that can be considered and greatly reducing the time
49、required for solution. The state-of-the-art has progressed to the point where NLFEA is close to being a practical, every-day tool in the arsenal of design office engineers (1). No longer the purview of the researcher, it is finding use in various applications; many relating to our aging infrastructure. NLFEA procedures can be used to provide reliable assessments of the strength and integrity of damaged or deteriorated structures, or structures built to previous codes, standards or practices deemed to be deficient today. They can be valuable tools in assessing the expected behaviour of retro
