1、e Art and Science of Structural Concrete Design A Symposwv Honoring to celebrate his outstanding contributions to research, education, professional practice, and ACI; and to disseminate results of recent experimental and analytical research and code development studies in structural concrete. The sy
2、mposium was very well attended and very well received. The papers included herein are mostly a result of presentations made at the symposium. This special publication offers technical papers on topics that include high-strength high- performance concrete columns and biaxial bending, role of FRP rein
3、forcement and strut- and-tie models, use of precast prestressed concrete in building and highway pavements, composite steel-concrete construction, and teaching of structural concrete design. In addition, a biographical sketch of Dr. Richard Furlong highlights the volume. All papers were reviewed usi
4、ng the AC1 peer review process. In order to protect the anonymity of reviewers, Timo K. Tikka handled reviews of the paper coauthored by myself, while I managed reviews of the remaining 12 papers. The work for the Richard W. Furlong Symposium: The Art and Science of Structural Concrete Design and th
5、is volume started in October 2000. During different phases of the symposium and special publication, I have received advice and assistance from Todd R. Watson as well as several other AC1 staff members and I thank them for that. An expression of thanks also goes to Timo K. Tikka. And, of course, it
6、goes without saying that this volume would not have been possible without the authors and the reviewers of the papers. As a result of their hard work, the quality of this volume is extremely high for which I acknowledge them gratefully. I am also thankful to Edward G. Nawy and Richard N. White for s
7、ustained encouragement they provided during the preparation of this publication. Finally, I wish to take this opportunity to thank Richard Furlong for his extensive and varied contributions to the structural engineering profession in general and the art and science of structural concrete design in p
8、articular. I do so not just on my behalf but also on behalf of all of his colleagues, friends, and former students. S. Ali Mirza Editor ii IN TRIBUTE TO RICHARD WILSON FURLONG: AMALGAMATING RESEARCH WITH ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND EDUCATION IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE On Monday, April 22,2002, colleagues,
9、friends, and former students of Dr. Richard W. Furlong gathered for an all-day symposium at the American Concrete Institute Convention in Detroit, Michigan. The symposiums aim was to honor Professor Richard Furlong for his outstanding contributions to research, to engineering education and practice,
10、 and to ACI. The symposium included 14 presentations recognizing and honoring the enormous contributions made by Richard Furlong in advancing the state of the art and the state of the practice for structural concrete design. The papers included in this special publication are mostly a result of the
11、presentations made at the symposium. Richard received his early education in Nonvalk, Ohio. He completed his BSCE at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, while working as a co-op student involved in construction and steel fabrication. In 1952, he enrolled at Washington University in St. L
12、ouis, Missouri, to earn a Masters degree in 1957 while working full time. Integrating the design experience he gained during his professional practice with his undergraduate as well as graduate education helped him shape his philosophy of research, Le. effective, useful research ought to lead to sol
13、ving real problems faced by practicing structural engineers. His desire to learn and contribute more to knowledge in structural engineering led Richard to begin in 1958 to pursue a Ph.D. degree at the University of Texas at Austin under the tutelage of Professor Phil M. Ferguson, and to start his te
14、aching career as an assistant professor. That career spanned 40 years before he retired from the research chair of E.C.H. Bantel Professor for Engineering Practice, and has included a rich mixture of teaching, supervising research, serving the profession, and consulting. Richard Furlongs research ha
15、s involved reinforced concrete columns, beams, and frames; composite columns and beams; inelastic response analysis; and design aids. His research on framed columns developed into building code provisions, and his pioneer works on composite columns and bridge bent cap inverted T-girders continue to
16、be used by the profession. He is author of over 100 refereed articles, books, book chapters, and reports, and he has supervised 10 Ph.D. dissertations and scores of M.S. theses. He has successfully completed numerous consulting assignments on special industrial structures and rehabilitation of struc
17、tures, and he is a forensic specialist on structural failure investigations. Richard Furlong has an outstanding record of serving the professional community. His awards and accolades are too numerous to list, but the following serve as a sample: Honorary Member, American Society of Civil Engineers (
18、2001); W. C. Schoeller Award (2000); History and Heritage Award, Texas Section, ASCE (2000); President, Texas Section, ASCE (1997); Distinguished Engineer of Texas Engineering Foundation (1996); Engineer-of-the-Year, Travis Chapter, Texas Society of Professional Engineers (1996); Award of Honor, Tex
19、as Section, ASCE (1993); Raymond C. Reese Structural Research Award, American Concrete V Institute ( 990); Engineer-o the-Year, Bexar Chapter, Texas Society of Professioni Engineers (1986); Engineer-of-the-Year, Texas Society of Professional Engineers (1 986); Fellow, Canadian Society for Civil Engi
20、neering (1 986); Executive Secretary, Texas Section ASCE (1979-85); Board of Direction, AC1 (1979-82); Fellow, American Concrete Institute (1976); John Erskine Fellowship, Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand (1973); Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (1973). At the symposium in
21、 Detroit the authors of this tribute made a presentation entitled “Case Studies on Solid-asconcrete Relationships Between Students and Mentor: Richard W. Furlong.” We examined our relationships with our mentor over the span of more than 35 years. We acknowledged and cherished the technical and non-t
22、echnical knowledge we gained from Professor Furlong on structural analysis, reinforced concrete and structural steel behavior, limit design, and even more importantly, knowledge on fostering relations with colleagues, and undergraduate and graduate students who later became colleagues and friends. W
23、e recalled the challenges of learning structural analysis; the real meaning of a “knife- edge,” a “roller,” and a “fixed-end;” the approximations made in frame analysis, the Hardy Cross moment distribution, and the “Two-Cycle methods. Later, we learned from our mentor how to design frames made of re
24、inforced concrete; the real story behind “factors of safety;” applicability of “elastic frame analysis” to inelastic nonlinear materials that crack, creep, and shrink; and frames that distort, drift, settle, and behave in ways not well-understood. Through the early works of A. L. L. Baker, L. Beedle
25、, M. Z. Cohn, K. W. Johansen, and others, we learned the basics of limit design, and were enticed as graduate students to pursue a path of research in areas that are even more “gray” than the color of concrete itself! After we completed an array of courses, the mentor chaperoned us into the practice
26、 of designing with concrete by providing and supervising real-world projects. In summary, in knowing Richard W. Furlong, what we have experienced over the past 35 years or so has been a non-fictional tale of exemplary teaching, mentorship, collegiality, and friendship that fostered lasting relations
27、 between a master and his two former students, Franz N. Rad, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon; and S. Ali Mirza, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS . Preface . III In Tribute to Richard Wilson Furlong: Amalgamating Research with Engineering Practice an
28、d Education in Structural Concrete v SP-213-1: Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavement 1 by N. H. Bums, D. K. Merritt, and B. E McCullough SP-213-2: Improved Teaching of Structural Concrete Design 19 by R. N. White SP-213-3: Compressive Behavior of High-Strength High-Performance Concrete Under Biaxial
29、 Loading 43 by E. G. Nawy, D. H. Lim, and K. L. McPherson SP-2134: Design of Rectangular HSC Columns for Ductility . 61 by O. Bayrak and S. A. Sheikh SP-213-5: Design of High-Strength Concrete Columns for Strength and Ductility . 83 by M. Saatcioglu SP-213-6: Precast Concrete for High Seismic Region
30、s . 103 by G. S. Cheok and H. S. Lew SP-213-7: Shear Strength of Lightweight Concrete Beams with by J. A. Ramirez SP-213-8: Design Rules for Composite Construction in Retrospect . 135 by I. M. Viest SP-213-9: Reliant Stadium-A New Standard for Football 15 1 by L. G. Griffis, A. Wahidi, and M. C. Wag
31、goner SP-213-10: Composite RCS Space Frame Systems: Previous and Current Studies . 167 by J. M. Bracci, S. Powanusom, and J. P. Steele SP-213-11: Finite Element Analysis of Composite Steel-Concrete Columns . 185 by S. A. Mirza and E. A. Lacroix SP-2 13-12: Flexural Ductility of CFRP Strengthened Con
32、crete Beams- by R. S. Aboutaha, P. Wattanadechachan, and S. H. Kim SP-213-13: My View of Richard W. Furlong-Colleague 221 by N. H. Bums Stirrups Near Code Minimum 1 19 Experimental Investigation . 207 Professional Contributions of Richard W. Furlong 235 vii viii SP-213-1 Precast Prestressed Concrete
33、 Pavement by N. H. Burns, D. K. Merritt, and B. F. McCullough Sgmpsk With traffic volumes continuing to increase on a rapidly deteriorating infrastructure, new methods are needed for expediting construction of durable, high performance concrete pavements with minimal disruption to traffic. One metho
34、d, which has received significant attention in recent years, involves the use of precast concrete panels. Precast concrete panels can be cast and cured in a controlled environment, stockpiled, and set in place in a short amount of time, allowing for construction to take place during overnight or wee
35、kend operations. In March 2000, the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin completed a feasibility study which investigated the use of precast prestressed concrete panels for pavement construction. Following the feasibility study, a pilot project was initiated by the
36、 Texas Department of Transportation to test and refine these concepts on an actual project. Recently, construction of this pilot project was completed on a section of frontage road along northbound Interstate 35 near Georgetown, Texas. Although it was constructed without the time constraints and com
37、plexities that will eventually need to be considered for precast pavement construction, the viability of the concept for precast prestressed concrete pavement was clearly demonstrated and will ultimately lead to development of future precast prestressed concrete pavements. Keywords: expedited constr
38、uction; post-tensioned pavement; precast concrete pavement; precast pavement panels; prestressed pavement; user costs 1 2 Burns et al. Dr. Ned H. Burns is a Zarrow Centennial Professor Emeritus at The University of Texas At Austin where he has been involved in teaching, research, and consulting in s
39、tructural concrete for 40 years. He is an active member of AC1 Committee 423 - Prestressed Concrete, and is a Fellow of ACI. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. David K. Merritt, AC1 member, is a Research Associate with the Center for Transportation Research at the University of T
40、exas at Austin. He received his BS in civil engineering from Northern Arizona University in 1998, and MS in civil engineering from The University of Texas at Austin in 2000. He has been a researcher at CTR for four years specializing in precast and prestressed concrete pavement. Dr. B. Frank McCuiio
41、ugh is the Adnan Abou-Ayyash Centennial Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin and former Director of the Center for Transportation Research. Dr. McCullough has a particularly strong interest and background in pavement design. During his career, Dr. McCullough h
42、as supervised over 50 research projects involving development of quality assurance and quality control specifications, planning, design, construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of pavements. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE New methods are continually being developed for expediting construction of durabl
43、e concrete pavements. This paper describes one such method using precast prestressed concrete panels. Although other methods for expediting construction, such as fast-setting concretes already exist, precast concrete is presented as an alternative to these methods. With the degree of quality control
44、 afforded at a precast plant and the incorporation of post-tensioning, durability should be greatly enhanced, making precast concrete an appealing alternative for transportation agencies. BACKGROUND In response to an ever-increasing demand for methods to expedite pavement construction, the Center fo
45、r Transportation Research (CTR) at The University of Texas at Austin completed a feasibility study, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), which examined the use of precast concrete panels to expedite the construction of portland cement concrete pavements. From this feasibility stud
46、y, a concept for precast pavement was developed which incorporated the use of prestressed precast panels. The Art and Science of Structural Concrete Design 3 A final recommendation from the feasibility study was a staged implementation strategy for testing and refining the proposed concept, in order
47、 to develop design details and construction specifications that will be acceptable to contractors and transportation agencies and easily adapted to current practices. Staged implementation begins with small pilot projects without stringent time constraints, aimed at streamlining the construction pro
48、cedures for use on future projects. The first precast pavement pilot project was constructed by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) during the fall and winter of 2001 on a section of frontage road along northbound Interstate 35 near Georgetown, Texas. This project incorporated precast con
49、crete pavement panels into the reconstruction of 0.7 km (2,300 ft) of frontage road on either side of a new bridge, based upon the proposed concept described below. Ultimately, this pilot project not only demonstrated the viability of using precast panels to expedite construction of concrete pavements, but also the benefits and viability of incorporating post- tensioning. PROPOSED CONCEPT The proposed concept for a precast pavement, constructed on a section of frontage road near Georgetown, Texas, uses full-depth prestressed precast panels. Based upon the feasibility study mentioned p
