1、Visual Quality Characteristics of Aluminum Extrusions The 11corDor?ted Aluminum Association Visual Quality Characteristics of Aluminum Extrusions First Edition December 1993 The Aluminum Association, Inc 900 19th Street, NW Washington, DC 2006 Copyright O 1993 The Aluminum Association, Inc. Reaffirm
2、ed 2002 Incorporated The Aluminum Association 9 ABOUT THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION The member companies of The Aluminum Association, Inc., represent approximately 85 per- cent of domestic production of primary ingot and shipments of U.S. aluminum mill products. Mill prod- ucts include sheet and plate; f
3、oil; extrusions; electri- cal conductor and wire, rod and bar. In addition to producers of primary ingot and mill products, the associations membership also includes secondary smelters, foundries and producers of master alloy and additives. The association is a primary source of statistics, standard
4、s and economic and technical information on aluminum and the aluminum industry in the United States. 1 DISCLAIMER NOTICE The use of any information contained herein by any member or non-member of The Aluminum Association is entirely voluntary. The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in co
5、mpiling the information contained in this book. While The Aluminum Association believes that its compila - tion procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or impliedly, the accuracy or com- pleteness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liabi
6、lity for the use of the information herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other technical materials are reviewed at least every five years and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain ation in this p
7、ublication has n the interim between publica- use. c i isual quality attributes of aluminum extrusions V has been compiled by a task group of the tech- nical committee on product standards as a reference for those who have an interest in extruded products and who have an interest in the terminology
8、com- monly used in this segment of the aluminum industry. The terms are arranged alphabetically in the index based on the term noun followed by the appropriate adjective. The preferred terms, obtained by consen- sus, are defined; other terms for the same condition are cross referenced. In cases wher
9、e a term has become obsolete, it is given in parenthesis. Readers are encouraged to use the preferred terms. The reader should be mindful that terminology is the subject of this document. The visual quality attributes defined, together with any visual represen- tation, do not constitute quality stan
10、dards. In many instances, the definitions are enhanced by visual extremes. Whenever possible, typical causes are given for the visual attributes. these causes may differ from the experience of the reader due to alternate equip- ment, processes, or technology. Though a number of Aluminum Association
11、mem- ber companies provided pictures and sketches, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation also gave the Association use of illustrations from their published document. TASK GROUP ON VISUAL QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Arvid N. Anderson Aluminum Company of America Gary A. Jones (Chairm
12、an) R. D. Werner Company, Inc. Ron C. McClure, Jr. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. R. (Ram) Ramanan Alcan Ingot Philip O. Wakeling Inco Alloys International Cliff C. Hartelius V. A. W. of America, Inc. Jeffrey K. Kelly Cressona Aluminum Company Charles H. Oakley Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. Jam
13、es L. Rowland Reynolds Metal Company VISLQUALITYCHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS . III Page Back End Condition . 1 Bearing Mark: Bearing Streak: See “Mark, Bearing See “Streak, Bearing” Blister . .2 Blow Hole 2 Bow . 3 Broken Die 4 Broken Edge See “Tear, Speed” Burr, Saw . 4 Carbon Mark: See “
14、Mark, Carbon” Chaffing (Obsolete): See “Mark, Traffic” Chatter . .5 Condensation Stain: Coring: See “Back End Condition” Corrosion, Pitting . 6 Corrosion, Water Stain 7 Crack, Speed: See “Tear, Speed” Dent: See “Mark, Handling” Die Line . 8 Die Stop: See “Mark, Stop” Drag Mark: See “Rub, Tool” Extru
15、sion Seam: See “Seam, Extrusion” Feed In: Flatness .9 Flow Line: See “Line, Flow” Handling, Mark: See “Mark, Handling” Heat Treat Stain: Hook 9 Hot Spot 1 O Hot Tear: See “Tear, Speed” Inclusion 1 O Inclusion, Stringer . 1 O Incomplete Weld: See “Weld, Incomplete” Incomplete Seam: See “Weld, Incompl
16、ete” See “Corrosion, Water Stain” See “Back End Condition” See “Stain, Heat Treat” Kink 11 VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - iv Page Lamination . 11 Line, Flow 12 Line Weld: See “Seam, Extrusion” Mark 12 Mark, Bearing . .12 Mark, Carbon 13 Mark, Drag: See “Rub, Tool” Mark, Hand
17、ling 14 Mark Roll . 15 Mark, Snap 16 Mark, Stop . 17 Mark, Stretcher Jaw 18 Mark, Traffic 19 Nick: See “Mark, Handling” Off Contour (Obsolete): See “Flatness” Orange Peel 20 Parting Line . 21 Piping: See “Back End Condition” Pitting: See “Cor rosion, Pitting ” Pitting Corrosion: See “Corrosion, Pitt
18、ing” Rear End Condition: See “Back End Condition” Roll Mark: See “Mark, Roll” Rub, Tool . 23 Saw Burr: See “Burr, Saw” Saw Lubricant Stain: Scratch: See “Mark, Handling” Seam, Extrusion 23 Seam, Incomplete: See “Weld, Incomplete” Snap Mark: See “Mark, Snap” Speed Crack: See “Tear, Speed” Speed Tear:
19、 See “Tear, Speed” Squareness (Cut End) . 24 Stain, Heat Treat . 24 Stain, Saw Lubricant . 25 Stop Mark: See “Mark, Stop” Pick-up . .22 See “Stain, Saw Lubricant” VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - V Page Streak, Bearing . 26 Streak, Structural 26 Stretcher Jaw Mark: See “Mark,
20、Stretcher Jaw” Stringer Inclusion: See “Inclusion, Stringer” Structural Streak: See “Streak, Structural” Tear, Hot: See “Tear, Speed” Tool Rub: See “Rub, Tool” Traffic Mark: See “Mark, Traffic” Twist 28 Water Stain: Water Stain Corrosion: Tear, Speed .27 See “Corrosion, Water Stain See “Corrosion, W
21、ater Stain” Weld, Incomplete .29 Weld Line: See “Seam, Extrusion” VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 1 BACK END CONDITION- A condition occurring in the last metal to be extrud- ed. It is a result of the oxidized surface of the billet feeding into the extrusion. Caustic etching of
22、the cross section can reveal its presence whose appear- ance can vary from a light oxide outline to a lamina- tion in a more severe case. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 2 B LISTE R- A raisi due to during ?d area on subsurfac extrusion the surface of an extruded product :e gas
23、expansion. This can occur or thermal treatment. BLOW HOLE- A blister that has ruptured, (See also BLISTER.) and n lay produce a void. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 3 BOW- Longitudinal curvature of rod, bar, profiles (shapes) and tube. Bow is measured after allowing the weig
24、ht of the extrusion to minimize the deviation. Bow can be caused by a non-uniform extrusion rate across the cross section resulting in one portion of the extrusion being longer than the other or non-uniform contraction during quenching. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - 4 BRO
25、KEN DIE- A deviation from the desired cross section due to the absence of a certain portion of the die used to extrude the profile (shape). In the illustration, a small portion of the die in the area of a narrow tongue has fractured and been carried away in the extrusion process. Succeeding metal ex
26、truded will fill the void resulting in the absence of that feature in the extru- sion. BURR, SAW- The thin ridge or area of rough- ness left by sawing. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - 5 CHATTER- A non-uniform surface made up of intermittent lines, or grooves, perpendicular to
27、 the extrusion direction. Chatter can be caused by vibration as the extrusion moves away from the die at a speed, or deflection of a deep tongue in the die itself. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 6 CORROSION, PITTING- The deterioration of a metal by chemical or electro- chemica
28、l reaction with its environment. Pitting cor- rosion is a localized condition on the metal surface. It can be caused by reaction with atmospheric con- taminants. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - 7 COR ROSION, WATER STA1 N- Superficial oxidation of the surface with a water fi
29、lm, in the absence of circulating air, held between close- ly adjacent metal surfaces. Water stain is commonly white but can vary from iridescent to black. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 8 DIE LINE- A longitudinal depression or protrusion formed on the surface of drawn or extr
30、uded material. Die lines are present to some degree in all extrusions and are caused by a roughening of the die bearing. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 9 FLATNESS (OBSOLETE: OFF CONTOUR)- Pertains to the deviation of a cross-section surface intended to be flat. Flatness can
31、be affected by con- ditions such as die performance, thermal effects, and stretching. HOOK- An abrupt deviation from straightness. Hook can be caused by non-uniform metal flow during break- through. (See also BOW.) VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - 10 INCLUSION- Foreign matter
32、in an extruded product. An inclusion can be cast in the billet or entrained during extrusion. INCLUSION, STRING E R- A short narrow streak, parallel to the direction of extrusion. A Stringer Inclusion is an impurity entrapped in the billet during solidification. It may be revealed during extrusion o
33、r subsequent finishing. (See also INCLUSION.) (No picture.) HOT SPOT- Dark gray or black surface patches appearing after anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and course magnesium silicide pre- cipitate caused by non-uniform cooling after extru- sion. VISUAL QUALITY CHARA
34、CTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 11 KINK- An abrupt deviation from straightness. A kink can be caused by handling. LAMI NATION- An internal crack or separation aligned parallel to the extrusion direction. A lamination can be caused by contaminants that feed into the metal flow before it reaches the
35、 die opening or cracked billets. (See also BACK END CONDITION.) - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - 12 LINE, FLOW- The line pattern which shows the the surface. direction of flow on MARK- Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often described by source. See the foll
36、owing terms: MARK, BEARING- A depression in the extruded surface caused by a change in bearing length in the extrusion die. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 13 MARK, CARBON- Gray or black surface marking caused by contact with carbon runout blocks. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
37、 OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 14 MARK, HANDLING- Damage that can be imparted to the surface during handling operations. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 15 MARK, ROLL- A longitudinal groove or indentation caused by pres- sure from contour rolls as a profile (shape) passes through th
38、em for dimensional correction. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 16 MARK, SNAP- A band-like pattern visible around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A snap can occur whenever there is an abrupt change in the extrusion process. (See also MA
39、RK, STOP.) VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 17 MARK, STOP- A band-like pattern visible around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A stop mark occurs whenever the extrusion process is suspended. (See also MARK, SNAP.) VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTE
40、RISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 18 MARK, STRETCHER JAW- A cross hatched appearance left by jaws at the end) of metal that has been stretched. These marks are seen if insufficient metal has been removed after the stretching operation. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 19 MARK, TR
41、AFFIC (OBSOLETE: CHAFING)- Abrasion which results from relative movement between contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color from the abrasively pro- duced aluminum oxide is usually observed. A mirror image of a traffic mark is observed on the adjacent contacting surface. VIS
42、UAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 20 ORANGE PEEL- A rough surface texture on an extrusion. Orange peel is usually associated with large grains in metal which deform unevenly depending on their orienta- tion with respect to the surface. Orange peel can appear immediately after stretc
43、hing, during the extru- sion fabrication sequence, or after forming. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 21 PARTING LINE- A condition unique to stepped extrusions where more than one cross section exists in the same extruded profile (shape). A stepped profile (shape) uses a split d
44、ie for the minor or small cross section and after its removal, another die behind it for the major configuration. Slightly raised fins can appear on that portion of the profile (shape) where the two dies meet. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 22 / PICK UP- Particles of metal and oxide adhering to the surface of the product at irregular intervals. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS
