1、Brief 1. Overview MAy 2013 Commuting in America 2013 The National Report on Commuting Patterns and TrendsAbout the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program Established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the U.S. Department of Transpor
2、tation (U.S.DOT), the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program (CTPP) compiles census data on demographic characteristics, home and work locations, and journey-to-work travel flows to assist with a variety of state, regional, and local transportation policy and planning efforts. CTPP a
3、lso supports corridor and project studies, environmental analyses, and emergency operations management. In 1990, 2000, and again in 2006, AASHTO partnered with all of the states on pooled fund projects to sup- port the development of special census products and data tabulations for transportation. T
4、hese census transpor- tation data packages have proved invaluable in understanding characteristics about where people live and work, their journey-to-work commuting patterns, and the modes they use for getting to work. In 2012, the CTPP was established as an ongoing technical service program of AASH
5、TO. CTPP provides a number of primary services: Special Data Tabulation from the U.S. Census BureauCTPP oversees the specification, purchase, and delivery of this special tabulation designed by and for transportation planners Outreach and TrainingThe CTPP team provides training on data and data issu
6、es in many formats, from live briefings and presentations to hands-on full day courses. The team has also created a number of electronic sources of training, from e-learning to recorded webinars to downloadable presentations. Technical SupportCTPP provides limited direct technical support for solvin
7、g data issues; the pro- gram also maintains a robust listserv where many issues are discussed, dissected, and resolved by the CTPP community ResearchCTPP staff and board members routinely generate problem statements to solicit research on data issues; additionally, CTPP has funded its own research e
8、fforts. Total research generated or funded by the current CTPP since 2006 is in excess of $1 million. Staff Penelope Weinberger, CTPP Program Manager Matt Hardy, Program Director, Policy and Planning Janet Oakley, Director of Policy and Government Relations Project Team Steven E. Polzin, Co-author,
9、Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida Alan E. Pisarski, Co-author, Consultant, Falls Church, Virginia Bruce Spear, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Liang Long, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Contact Penelope Weinberger, e-mail: pweinbergeraashto.org,
10、 phone: 202-624-3556; or CTPPinfoaashto.org 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Pub Code: CA01-4 ISBN: 978-1-56051-562-3 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
11、 Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends The Commuting in America (CIA) series of reports describing travelers and their com- mutes to work began in April 1984, using census data to d
12、escribe the emerging patterns of commuting. The original intent of CIA was well stated by Frank Franois, former Execu- tive Director of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the first CIA Steering Committee Chair. As prefaced by Franois in the first rep
13、ort, the goal of the CIA is “to serve as a common resource of factual information upon which policy-makers can draw in shaping transportation development actions and policies over the coming years.It does not purport to reflect the policy positions of any of the sponsoring organizations and should n
14、ot be interpreted in this manner. ” This initiative, Commuting in America 2013 (CIA 2013), continues to adhere to this original intent and philosophy. This brief is the first in a series that constitutes a body of knowledge describing commuting in America. Sponsored by AASHTO and carried out in conj
15、unction with a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project that provided supporting data, this body of work builds on three prior documents covering this topic that were issued over the past three decades. Unlike the prior reports, which were single volumes, this effort consists of
16、 a series of briefs, each of which addresses a critical aspect of commuting in America. Taken together, they comprise a comprehensive summary of American commuting. The briefs are dissemi- nated through the AASHTO website. Accompanying data tables and an Executive Summary complete the body of inform
17、ation known as CIA 2013. Also different for CIA 2013 is the institutional structure through which this effort is supported. Prior reports were supported by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) and the Eno Foundation, whereas this report is supported as part of the AASHTO pooled-fund study which s
18、upports a broad array of initiatives associated with the Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP). This multi-year initiative, of which CIA 2013 is part, is tar- geted to provide data and analysis on commuting to work to support the information needs of the state and metropolitan transportatio
19、n planning and policy community. Therefore, CIA 2013 has a different process for peer review, editing, and production of reports. The information products have Brief 1. Overview Commuting in America 2013 consists of a series of Briefs and an Executive Summary available through the AASHTO website whi
20、ch also contains additional source data and research documentation. Commuting in America 2013 is sponsored by AASHTO with support from NCHRP and the stakeholder community. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation
21、of applicable law.4 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends changed and now include a set of written reports and the introduction of a web-based CIA 2013 portal for dissemination of written reports and supporting data. CIA 2013 includes several changes in the
22、data sources that support the technical analy- sis reported in Commuting in America products. Historically, the long-form survey, con- ducted as part of the decennial census, has been a primary data source to support much of the analysis presented in CIA products. However, the discontinuation of the
23、 long form after the 2000 Census and its replacement by the Bureau of the Census with the American Community Survey (ACS), which is conducted continuous- ly and reported annually, results in a significant difference in one of the major data sources available to support these documents. The ACS data,
24、 released annually in September of the year following its collection, significantly shortens the time lag between data collection and release compared to long-form census commuting data, and the continuous collection of ACS data enables more frequent updating. In addition to the development of CIA 2
25、013 products, the production effort serves as a basis for stakeholders to evaluate the most desirable cycle of report updates, new funding partnerships, additional content and data sources, new products, and new strategies for dissemination. Finally, coupled with changes in delivery format, sponsors
26、hip, and principal data sourc- es, this analysis is carried out at a point in time when there is growing evidence of signifi- cant modifications in travel behavior associated with demographic, economic, technolog- ical, and social-cultural changes. These modifications to behavior are impacting work-
27、trip commuting and travel in general. Thus, CIA 2013, while incorporating numerous changes, still strives to sustain its historical mission of providing objective and useful information to assist transportation analysts and policymakers in understanding commuting travel as they carry out their respo
28、nsibilities to address transportation needs and impacts. The balance of this brief addresses several issues that are important to understanding and using the various products in the CIA 2013 series. First, the structure of this initiative is described, and then the importance of commuting is discuss
29、ed, followed by a discussion of the data sources underlying this effort. AASHTO and Commuting in America 2013 AASHTO has always played a leadership role throughout the history of the Commuting in America series. CIA 2013 is one of the products in a comprehensive effort being carried out by AASHTO to
30、 support transportation professionals and policymakers with the best Commuting in America 2013 transitions the Commuting in America series to use of the ACS data source. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of
31、 applicable law.5 Brief 1. Overview available data on commuting. This initiative, the CTPP program, has been long recognized as an important information resource. So much so that AASHTO initiated a pooled-fund program of activities to sustain the development of data as the CTPP program transitions f
32、rom a decennial census-based collection to a continuing process that uses ACS data to better understand commuting behaviors. This overall AASHTO CTPP initiative is a multi- year effort involving data assembly and processing, data dissemination, training and com- munications, and research aimed at un
33、derstanding and communicating the data and their implications, including the CIA 2013 products. The overall effort is overseen by a stake- holder task force that governs the work program for and pooled-fund spending on CTPP . A comprehensive reporting of that program and its activities and products
34、can be found on the CTPP website: http:/ctpp.transportation.org. CIA 2013 Project Team The CIA 2013 was developed under contract to AASHTO by a project team selected in response to a request for proposals issued by AASHTO. This team, led by Dr. Steven Polzin from the Center for Urban Transportation
35、Research at the University of South Florida, includes the principal author of prior Commuting in America reports, Alan Pisarski. In ad- dition, this project is being closely coordinated with NCHRP 8-36, Task 111, U.S. Commut- ing and Travel Patterns: Data Development and Analysis. This project, led
36、by Cambridge Systematics (CS), was responsible for much of the data preparation and structuring of the data for CIA 2013. The CS team is led by Dr. Bruce Spear and Dr. Liang Long with the Uni- versity of South Florida as a subcontractor and Alan Pisarski and Nancy McGuckin serving as consultants. Th
37、e scopes of work for both the AASHTO and NCHRP studies call for close coordination between the two teams. In addition to supplying the national-level data need- ed for CIA 2013, the NCHRP project will provide supplemental tabulations of commuter characteristics and travel behavior for states and met
38、ropolitan areas. These supplemental tabulations will be disseminated through either AASHTO or TRB. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.6 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Com
39、muting Patterns and Trends Numerous other professionals, including AASHTO staff members, NCHRP program staff, and professionals involved with several data programs, have collaborated to enable these products to be produced. In addition, AASHTO established an oversight commit- tee to provide review o
40、f the deliverables associated with CIA 2013. That oversight team is directed by Dr. Matthew Hardy of AASHTO and includes Ken Cervenka, Federal Transit Administration (FTA); Susan Gorski, Michigan Department of Transportation; Tim Hen- kel, Minnesota Department of Transportation; Mark Freedman, consu
41、ltant; Phil Mescher, Iowa Department of Transportation; Guy Rousseau, Atlanta Regional Commission; Greg Slater, Maryland State Highway Administration; and Mary Lynn Tischer, FHW A Office of Transportation Policy Studies. The Importance of Commuting Historically, understanding commuting has been a cr
42、itical component of understanding total travel. Commuting travel patterns often define a large share of a households total trip-making as measured in share of trips. As work trips are slightly longer than trips for other purposes, work-trip commuting comprises a slightly larger share of total person
43、 travel miles. Work trips most often occur during congested time periods and are the largest contributor to travel time delay. Work trips are sensitive to and suffer the consequences of travel delay and large variations in travel time reliability. As Table 1-1 indicates, trips having an ending or st
44、arting point at work have declined as a share of all person trips over the past few decades as Americans have expanded their trip-making. However, work trips remain a significant share of total vehicle miles of travel and an important anchor of travel for other purposes. Work-trip characteristics ar
45、e highly relevant in understanding the relationship between travel and demand on transportation capacity and infrastructure. The longer average trip length and propensity for work trips to occur during congested travel times has historically resulted in work trips consuming a disproportionate share
46、of travel time relative to their share of trips or person miles of travel. Work trips tend to comprise a larger share of vehicle miles of travel as a result of their lower occupancy rates. Work trips occur during peak travel periods, and are more likely than other trips to utilize higher type facili
47、ties. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.7 Brief 1. Overview Table 1-1. Trend in Commute T rip Shares of All Travel 1969 1977 1983 1990 1995 2001 2009 Share of Person Trips 25.9% 19.5% 20.4
48、% 20.2% 16.8% 15.8% 15.6% Share of Person Miles of Travel 19.9% 20.1% 22.7% 20.2% 18.1% 19.0% Share of Person Travel Time 21.2% 22.1% 23.8% 22.0% 17.8% 18.8% Share of Vehicle Miles of Travel 33.6% 30.4% 30.1% 32.1% 28.5% 27.0% 27.8% Source: NPTS/NHTS Survey Series. Commuting significantly influences
49、 the temporal and geographic distributions of non-commuting travel, as trips to and from work often define an individuals or house- holds travel schedule. The geography between an individu- als home and work is often the area where workers choose to carry out other activities, as awareness of the opportuni- ties and the convenience of potentially linking trips to work trips influences activity destination choices. Work travel demand is significant in the context of total travel but its influence is far greater during peak commuting times and i
