1、Brief 14. Bicycling and Walk Commuting January 2015 Commuting in a merica 2013 The National Report on Commuting Patterns and TrendsAbout the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program Established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the U
2、.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT), the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program (CTPP) compiles census data on demographic characteristics, home and work locations, and journey- to-work travel flows to assist with a variety of state, regional, and local transportation policy
3、and planning efforts. CTPP also supports corridor and project studies, environmental analyses, and emergency operations management. In 1990, 2000, and again in 2006, AASHTO partnered with all of the states on pooled-fund projects to sup- port the development of special census products and data tabul
4、ations for transportation. These census transpor- tation data packages have proved invaluable in understanding characteristics about where people live and work, their journey-to-work commuting patterns, and the modes they use for getting to work. In 2012, the CTPP was established as an ongoing techn
5、ical service program of AASHTO. CTPP provides a number of primary services: Special Data Tabulation from the U.S. Census BureauCTPP oversees the specification, purchase, and delivery of this special tabulation designed by and for transportation planners. Outreach and TrainingThe CTPP team provides t
6、raining on data and data issues in many formats, from live briefings and presentations to hands-on, full-day courses. The team has also created a number of electronic sources of training, from e-learning to recorded webinars to downloadable presentations. Technical SupportCTPP provides limited direc
7、t technical support for solving data issues; the pro- gram also maintains a robust listserv where many issues are discussed, dissected, and resolved by the CTPP community. ResearchCTPP staff and board members routinely generate problem statements to solicit research on data issues; additionally, CTP
8、P has funded its own research efforts. Total research generated or funded by the current CTPP since 2006 is in excess of $1 million. Staff Penelope Weinberger, CTPP Program Manager Matt Hardy, Program Director, Policy and Planning Jim Tymon, Chief Operating Officer/Director of Policy and Management
9、Project Team Steven E. Polzin, Co-Author, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida Alan E. Pisarski, Co-Author, Consultant, Falls Church, Virginia Bruce Spear, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Liang Long, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Nancy McGuckin, D
10、ata Expert, Travel Behavior Analyst Contact Penelope Weinberger, e-mail: pweinbergeraashto.org, phone: 202-624-3556; or CTPPinfoaashto.org 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Pub Code: CA14
11、-4 ISBN: 978-1-56051-585-2 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Brief 14. Bicycling and Walk Commuting This bri
12、ef is the 14th in a series describing commuting in America. This body of work, sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and carried out in conjunction with a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project that provided supporting data, b
13、uilds on three prior Commuting in America documents that were issued over the past three decades. Unlike the prior reports that were single volumes, this effort consists of a series of briefs, each of which addresses a critical aspect of commuting in America. These briefs, taken together, comprise a
14、 comprehensive summary of American commuting. The briefs are disseminated through the AASHTO website (traveltrends.transportation.org). Accompanying data tables and an Executive Summary complete the body of information known as Commuting in America 2013 (CIA 2013). As noted in Brief 12, the auto boo
15、m appears to have completed its rapid growth cycle and has stabilized at very high levels, remaining the dominant mode. However, in the past decade or so, there are modest signs of auto commuting retrenchment and evi- dence that other travel options are showing renewed use. This brief presents data
16、describing bicycling and walking commuting trends and relationships. It should be noted that these modes, which hover around a three percent share for commuting, are more challenging to comprehensively analyze with statistically significant data due to their modest share and the constraints of sampl
17、e size in both American Community Survey (ACS) and National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data sources. Thus, some of the geographic and social demographic richness available for private vehicle commuting, particularly for smaller geographies, is more limited in the case of bike and pedestrian comm
18、uting. Note the terms bicycling and bike and walk and pedestrian are used interchangeably in discussing these modes of com- muting. One should also note that this analysis speaks to walking as a primary mode of commuting where in fact walk- ing is virtually always an element of ev- ery commute as co
19、mmuters walk to and from the other primary modes to their residence and place of employment. This brief also contains some information on motorcycle commuting. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicabl
20、e law.4 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Bicycling and Walk CommutingGeographic Patterns and Trends Table 14-1 shows the trend in bicycle, walk, and motorcycle commuting over the past three decades. Table 14-1. Summary of Long-T erm Trends in Walk, Bicy
21、cling, and Motorcycle Commuting in the U.S. 1980 1990 2000 2010 (000) % (000) % (000) % (000) % T otal Workers 96,617 100.0% 115,070 100.0% 128,279 100.0% 136,941 100.0% Walk Commuters 5,413 5.60% 4,489 3.90% 3,759 2.93% 3,797 2.77% Bicycling Commuters 468 0.48% 467 0.41% 488 0.38% 731 0.53% Motorcy
22、cle 419 0.43% 237 0.21% 142 0.11% 267 0.19% Source: Census, ACS 2010 From 1980 to 2010, walk commuting declined continuously, with its share of commut- ing dropping approximately in half over the 30-year period. In the past decade, the number of walkers ticked up slightly. Bicyclings share and the a
23、bsolute number of bicyclists remain relatively steady through 2000 but showed a substantial increase by 2010. Motorcycle com- muting also showed an increase between 2000 and 2010; however, its level of use and share remain well below the levels in 1980. Collectively, these modes of commuting total a
24、pproxi- mately 3.5 percent of commuting trips in 2010, with over 80 percent of that being pedestri- ans. This sum is well below the share of workers that work at home in 2010, 4.3 percent. Figure 14-1 is the long-term trend in walk commute mode share. This figure reports both census/ACS and National
25、 Household Travel Survey (NHTS) measures of walking to and from work. Both data sources confirm that the historical decline appears to have ended and walk commuting levels have stabilized. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplicatio
26、n is a violation of applicable law.5 Brief 14. Bicycling and Walk Commuting Figure 14-1. Long-T erm Trend in Walk Commute Mode Share Note: Data from NHTS 2009 are plotted for 2008 since the majority of data collection occurred in 2008. Source: Census, ACS, NHTS series Figure 14-2 presents bicycle an
27、d walk commuting mode share by region and gender. Commuting by bicycle and walk ranges from approximately 900,000 to 1.3 million across the regions. The regions total workforce (shown in parentheses on the vertical axis) provides context for the regional counts. The Northeast region, with the smalle
28、st to- tal workforce of 25 million, has the highest number of walk commuters of any region and the lowest number of bicycle commuters of any region. The other regions are relatively similar, with the exception of the West where strong male bike commuting is evident. In general, commuting by bike is
29、approximately 2.5 times greater for males than females. The National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) explores what analysts call mode loyalty by comparing the actual mode of travel on the survey travel day with the reported usual mode of commuting for the prior week. Walking has a relatively high mod
30、e loyalty, 80.2 percent, indicating that persons who report walking to work usually actually walk to work 80.2 percent of the time. Bicyclists are loyal to their usual mode 73 percent of the time. As one would expect, some travelers whose usual mode is another mode also bike and walk occasionally. F
31、or example, for those who drove alone 0.5 percent walked and 0.1 percent rode a bike. Usual transit users were the most frequent occasional walkers at 6.6 percent. NHTS, “Usual Mode“ Census, ACS 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Both Census/ACS and Nationa
32、l Household Travel Survey (NHTS) measures of walking to and from work confirm that the historical decline appears to have ended and walk commuting levels have stabilized. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation o
33、f applicable law.6 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Figure 14-2. Bicycle and Walk Commuting by Region and Gender Source: ACS 2010 Figures 14-3 through 14-5 compare the changes in commuting by walk, bike, and motorcycle by state over the past 20 years. T
34、he states are ranked by 2010 commute share. In general, walking commute share de- clined since 1990. Most of that decline occurred between 1990 and 2000. High walk commute shares occur in highly urbanized areas such as District of Columbia, New Y ork, and Massa- chusetts, but perhaps more surprising
35、ly, are also evident in Alaska, Vermont, and Montana. Figure 14-4 presents the same information for bicycle commuting. Unlike walking, bike commuting is virtually always larger in 2010 than prior decades across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia and Oregon are the o
36、nly two locations where bicycle commuting is above 2 percent. Figure 14-5 shows the trend across states for motorcycle commuting. Interestingly, motorcycle commuting declined from 1990 to 2000 but then rebounded to 2010. There is a strong West Coast influence in motorcycle commuting levels. 0 500,00
37、0 1,000,000 1,500,000 Northeast (25.4m) Midwest (30.4m) South (49.7m) West (31.3m) Commuters BicycleMale BicycleFemale WalkMale WalkFemale 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.7 Brief 14. Bic
38、ycling and Walk Commuting Walk Commute Share 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% District of Columbia Alaska New York Vermont Montana Massachusetts Hawaii South Dakota Wyoming Oregon Rhode Island North Dakota Pennsylvania Indiana Maine Washington Iowa Wisconsin West Virginia Idaho Colorado New Jersey Utah Connec
39、ticut New Hampshire Minnesota Nebraska Virginia California Kansas Maryland Ohio Delaware New Mexico Illinois Michigan Missouri Arkansas Louisiana South Carolina Arizona North Carolina Nevada Oklahoma Kentucky Mississippi Texas Florida Georgia Alabama Tennessee 2010 % Walk 2000 % Walk 1990 % Walk Fig
40、ure 14-3. T wenty-Y ear Trend in Walk Share of Commuting by State Source: Census, ACS 2010 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.8 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting P
41、atterns and Trends Bicycling Commute Share District of Columbia Oregon Alaska Iowa Colorado Montana California Washington Hawaii Wyoming Arizona Wisconsin Utah Rhode Island Maine Minnesota Florida New Mexico Massachusetts Nevada Arkansas Vermont North Dakota Idaho Indiana New York South Dakota Nebra
42、ska Illinois Pennsylvania New Jersey Kansas Michigan South Carolina Louisiana Virginia Ohio Missouri Connecticut Oklahoma North Carolina Texas Georgia Maryland Kentucky New Hampshire Delaware West Virginia Tennessee Alabama Mississippi 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 2010 % Bike 2000 % Bike
43、1990 % Bike Figure 14-4. T wenty-Y ear Trend in Bicycling Share of Commuting by State Source: Census, ACS 2010 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.9 Brief 14. Bicycling and Walk Commuting Ut
44、ah Iowa Ohio Motorcycle Commute Share Hawaii Arizona Nevada Oregon Florida Washington California Wisconsin Wyoming Oklahoma Idaho South Dakota Colorado Kansas New Mexico Minnesota South Carolina Texas Arkansas Nebraska North Dakota Georgia District of Columbia Louisiana Missouri Maine Indiana Tennes
45、see Vermont Montana West Virginia Virginia Illinois North Carolina Alaska Maryland Pennsylvania Alabama New Hampshire Michigan Kentucky Mississippi Massachusetts New York Rhode Island Connecticut Delaware New Jersey 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.8% 2010 % Motorcycle 2000 % Motorcycle 199
46、0 % Motorcycle Figure 14-5. T wenty-Y ear Trend in Motorcycle Share of Commuting by State Source: Census, ACS 2010 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.10 Commuting in America 2013: The Natio
47、nal Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Table 14-2 shows the top 10 metropolitan areas with respect to walking mode share. Not surprisingly, university communities and small- to moderate-sized areas dominate with the exception of New Y ork. Table 14-2. Metro Areas With Highest Walk Shares, 2010
48、Top Walk Commute Metro Areas in 2010 Mode Share State College, PA Metro Area 9.24% Iowa City, IA Metro Area 8.34% Champaign-Urbana, IL Metro Area 7.84% Flagstaff, AZ Metro Area 7.63% Bloomington, IN Metro Area 7.14% Ann Arbor, MI Metro Area 6.68% Bremerton-Silverdale, WA Metro Area 6.57% Burlington-
49、South Burlington, VT Metro Area 6.19% New Y ork-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area 5.94% Bloomington-Normal, IL Metro Area 5.63% Source: ACS 2010 Table 14-3 shows the top 10 highest bike share metropolitan areas. These are generally smaller metropolitan areas, often with a large university in the metropolitan area and with a culture of strong bicycle use. Champaign-Urbana, Illinois and Iowa City, Iowa show up on both the walk and bike lists. Table 14-3. Metro Areas With Highest Bike Shares, 2010 Top Bike Commute Metro Are
