1、CIA 2013. Executive Summary January 2015 Commuting in a merica 2013 The National Report on Commuting Patterns and TrendsAbout the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program Established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the U.S. Departm
2、ent of Transportation (U.S. DOT), the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program (CTPP) compiles census data on demographic characteristics, home and work locations, and journey- to-work travel flows to assist with a variety of state, regional, and local transportation policy and plannin
3、g efforts. CTPP also supports corridor and project studies, environmental analyses, and emergency operations management. In 1990, 2000, and again in 2006, AASHTO partnered with all of the states on pooled-fund projects to sup- port the development of special census products and data tabulations for
4、transportation. These census transpor- tation data packages have proved invaluable in understanding characteristics about where people live and work, their journey-to-work commuting patterns, and the modes they use for getting to work. In 2012, the CTPP was established as an ongoing technical servic
5、e program of AASHTO. CTPP provides a number of primary services: Special Data Tabulation from the U.S. Census BureauCTPP oversees the specification, purchase, and delivery of this special tabulation designed by and for transportation planners. Outreach and TrainingThe CTPP team provides training on
6、data and data issues in many formats, from live briefings and presentations to hands-on, full-day courses. The team has also created a number of electronic sources of training, from e-learning to recorded webinars to downloadable presentations. Technical SupportCTPP provides limited direct technical
7、 support for solving data issues; the pro- gram also maintains a robust listserv where many issues are discussed, dissected, and resolved by the CTPP community. ResearchCTPP staff and board members routinely generate problem statements to solicit research on data issues; additionally, CTPP has funde
8、d its own research efforts. Total research generated or funded by the current CTPP since 2006 is in excess of $1 million. Staff Penelope Weinberger, CTPP Program Manager Matt Hardy, Program Director, Policy and Planning Jim Tymon, Chief Operating Officer/Director of Policy and Management Project Tea
9、m Steven E. Polzin, Co-Author, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida Alan E. Pisarski, Co-Author, Consultant, Falls Church, Virginia Bruce Spear, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Liang Long, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Nancy McGuckin, Data Expert,
10、 Travel Behavior Analyst Contact Penelope Weinberger, e-mail: pweinbergeraashto.org, phone: 202-624-3556; or CTPPinfoaashto.org 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Pub Code: CAES-4 ISBN: 97
11、8-1-56051-588-3 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends For more detail see Brief 1 CIA 2013. Executive Summary Fo
12、reword History and Context This document is an executive summary of a series of 16 briefs that collectively describe commuting in America. This body of work, sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and carried out in conjunction with a National Co
13、operative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project that provided supporting data, builds on three prior Commuting in America (CIA) documents that were issued over the past three decades. Unlike the prior reports that were single volumes, this effort consists of a series of briefs, each of which addr
14、esses a critical aspect of commuting in America. The briefs, this Executive Summary, and accompanying data tables complete the body of information known as Commuting in America 2013 (CIA 2013). AASHTO makes these items available via its website (traveltrends.transportation.org). The Commuting in Ame
15、rica series of reports describing travelers and their commute to work began in April 1984, using Census data to describe the emerging patterns of commut- ing. The original intent of CIA, well-stated by Frank Franois, former executive director of AASHTO, was “to serve as a common resource of factual
16、information upon which poli- cymakers can draw in shaping transportation development actions and policies over the coming years. It does not purport to reflect the policy positions of any of the sponsoring organizations and should not be interpreted in this manner. ” CIA 2013 continues to adhere to
17、this original intent and philosophy. This report is supported as part of the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Prod- ucts (CTPP) program. This multi-year initiative, of which CIA 2013 is part, provides data and analysis on commuting to support the information needs of the state and metropolitan
18、transportation planning and policy community. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.For more detail see Brief 1 4 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trend
19、s CIA 2013 includes several changes in the data sources that support the technical analysis reported in CIA products. The replacement of the decennial Census long-form survey with the American Community Survey (ACS) has resulted in a significant difference in one of the major data sources available
20、to support these documents. The ACS significantly shortens the time lag between data releases compared to long-form census commuting data, and the continuous collection of ACS data enables more frequent updating. Coupled with changes in delivery format, sponsorship, and principal data sources, this
21、analysis is carried out at a point in time when there is growing evidence of significant changes in travel behavior associated with demographic, economic, technological, and social-cultural changes. These changes are affecting work trip commuting and travel in gen- eral, thus increasing the importan
22、ce and significance of the information in these documents. The series of briefs summarized in this Executive Summary include the following: 1. Commuting in America 2013 Overview 9. How Commuting Influences Travel 2. The Role of Commuting in Overall Travel 10. Commuting Mode Choice 3. Population and
23、Worker Trends 11. Commuting Departure Time and T rip Time 4. Population and Worker Dynamics 12. Auto Commuting 5. The Nature and Pattern of Jobs 13. Transit Commuting 6. Job Dynamics 14. Bicycling and Walk Commuting 7. Vehicle and Transit Availability 15. Commuting Flow Patterns 8. Consumer Spending
24、 on Transportation 16. The Evolving Role of Commuting 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.For more detail see Brief 1 5 CIA 2013. Executive Summary CIA 2013 Project Team CIA 2013 was develop
25、ed by a project team selected in response to a request for proposals issued by AASHTO. This team, led by Dr. Steven Polzin of the Center for Urban Trans- portation Research at the University of South Florida (USF), includes the principal author of prior Commuting in America reports, Alan Pisarski. I
26、n addition, this project is being closely coordinated with NCHRP 8-36, Task 111, “U. S. Commuting and Travel Patterns: Data Development and Analysis, ” a project led by Cambridge Systematics (CS), which was responsible for much of the data preparation and structuring for CIA 2013. The CS team is led
27、 by Dr. Bruce Spear and Dr. Liang Long, with USF as a subcontractor and Alan Pisarski and Nancy McGuckin serving as consultants. Numerous other professionals, including AASHTO and NCHRP program staff, have collaborated to enable this work to be created. In addition, AASHTO established an over- sight
28、 committee to provide review of the deliverables associated with CIA 2013. Directed by Dr. Matthew Hardy of AASHTO, the oversight committee includes Ken Cervenka, Federal Transit Administration (FTA); Susan Gorski, Michigan Department of Transportation; Tim Henkel, Minnesota Department of Transporta
29、tion; Mark Freedman, consultant; Phil Mescher, Iowa Department of Transportation; Guy Rousseau, Atlanta Regional Commis- sion; Greg Slater, Maryland State Highway Administration; and Mary Lynn Tischer, FHW A Office of Transportation Policy Studies. Principal Data Sources for CIA To the extent possib
30、le, the CIA products rely on nationally-standardized and national- ly-collected data. This consistency in data ensures that they can be aggregated to represent national totals and that geographies can be compared consistently. The team used several major data sources as well as supplemental data tha
31、t more fully explore some aspects of commuting. The two single largest sources of data are materials collected by the Census Bureau through the ACS program and subsequently analyzed through the CTPP and the data collected by the U. S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) through the National Househo
32、ld Travel Survey (NHTS). These national efforts have been under way for a num- ber of decades, enabling both trends over time and peer comparisons across geography to enrich our understanding of commuting. Other data sources that were used include the American Housing Survey of the U.S. Department o
33、f Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, both conducted by the Bureau of the Census; the Transportation Energy Data Book of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory; and the National Transit Database (NTD) from the Federal Transit Administ
34、ration (FTA). 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.For more detail see Brief 2 6 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends COm mu TIn g In A mer ICA 2013
35、 The Importance of Commuting Commuting defines an important share of a households total trip-making. Work trips are slightly longer in distance than trips for other purposes and occur during congested time periods. Commuters are large contributors to congestion. Schedule-dependent work trips are sen
36、sitive to travel delay and poor travel time reliability. Although commuting is a modest and declining share of trips as Americans have ex- panded their trip-making, it has influence beyond its share. Work trips comprise a larger share of vehicle miles of travel because of their lower occupancy rates
37、 and are an important anchor in travel for other purposes. Work trips are more likely than other local trips to use limited-access facilities. Commuting significantly influences the temporal and geographic distributions of non-commuting travel, as trips to and from work often define an individuals o
38、r households travel schedule. The geography between an individuals home and work is often the area where workers carry out other activities, as awareness of the opportunities and the convenience of linking trips to work trips influences activity destination choices. Work trips shape peak transportat
39、ion service and infrastructure capacity needs that define the design capacity requirements of road and transit system investments. Transit, in particular, often is targeted to meeting commuter needs. Commuting to work also underpins the economic health of households and communi- ties by determining
40、access to workers and customers. The home-based work trip remains the most critical consideration in transportation planning and in transportation and land- use modeling and analysis. The regularity and stability of the work-trip commute results in it being important in influencing both household an
41、d business location decisions. The importance of understanding commuting is heightened in the current era of change. In many respects, the Commuting in America series has served to document the era of the baby boom generations working years. As that group moves off stage, new concerns and new realit
42、ies modify the multi-decade patterns. The keys today are more disparate, with multiple factors at play. Instead of a single dominant pattern, demographic, technological, economic, and cultural changes are interacting to push patterns in diverse directions sometimes counteracting and sometimes reinfo
43、rcing each other. At this time, discerning Commuting constitutes nearly 16% of person trips and approximately 19% of person miles of travel and person travel time, but nearly 28% of household vehicle miles of travel. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All
44、 rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.For more detail see Brief 2 7 CIA 2013. Executive Summary the patterns and trends is challenged further by the need to discriminate between behaviors attributable to the recent recession and current recovery and those that are part of st
45、ructur- al changes that will endure. Among the dynamic considerations being monitored are: Womens roles in the work force and work travel Older workers remaining at work Immigrant population work roles Shifting skills requirements and mismatches with the work force Shifting work environments and sch
46、edules Dispersion effects of ubiquitous communication capabilities The need for high-quality data on commuting has never been more critical. Multi- decade trends that have been relatively stable appear to be changing. The historical multi- decade declines in bicycle, pedestrian, and transit travel a
47、ppear to have ended and are showing evidence of some rebound. Non-work travel appears to have stabilized or declined. Auto availability may have peaked and reversed. Analysts are closely watching the relative pace of suburban growth as home ownership levels appear to have peaked and multi-family hou
48、sing is showing relative strength. Policymakers are anxious to understand the conse- quences of emerging trends, such as young people with more modest auto availability and older adults who more often are choosing or being forced for financial reasons to remain in the workforce longer. 2014 by the A
49、merican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.For more detail see Brief 2 8 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends The Role of Commuting in Overall Travel Americas transportation infrastructure and services address the needs of individuals for all their travel purposes and serve the travel needs of commerce and government. Commuter vehicles share the roadways with vehicles carrying persons who are trave
