1、April 2016 Maintenance Stormwater Field GuideCopyright 2016, Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). All Rights Reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without writ- ten permission of the pub
2、lisher. Printed in the United States of America. This material is based upon work supported by the Feder- al Highway Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-07-H-00019. Any opinions, findings, and con- clusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s)
3、 and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Highway Administration.Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Chapter 2. Roadside Maintenance Activities . . . . . . . . . . 10 Storm Drain Cleaning and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . .
4、 . . . . . 10 Eroding Slope and Channel Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Street Sweeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Trash and Graffiti Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Vegetated Areas and Invasive Species Management . . 30 Snow
5、Removal, Traction Aides, and De-icing . . . . . . . . 34 Bridge Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Paving and Concrete Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Irrigation and Dry Weather Flow Management . . . . . . 41 Chapter 3. Facilities Manage
6、ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Pollution Prevention Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Material Storage and Source Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Waste Management and Source Control . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Spill Prevention, Control, and Response . . . . . . . .
7、 . . . . 53 Vehicles and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table of Contents | 1Ch. 1. Introduction | 2 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Scope and Objective Highways and other transportation
8、-related sites can be a source of sediment and other pollutants to rivers, lakes, and coastal waters . Best management practices (BMPs) can be used by maintenance workers to reduce the discharge of pollutants from highway storm drain systems . The intent of this guide is to be a quick reference for
9、main- tenance staff on topics related to BMP inspection and com- mon operational practices . Good housekeeping and other pollution source control measures are presented . Using the tips in this guide will help in complying with federal and state regulations for stormwater quality . It will also help
10、 achieve a greater level of environmental stewardship . This guide is not a design manual or a substitute for a pollution prevention plan . Preface to Readers This publication includes descriptions of BMPs and how to maintain them . It is organized based on common highway and facility operational pr
11、actices . Oftentimes a single BMP can be used for many different operations (e . g . , street sweeping can be part of normal road maintenance, clean- up required after winter application of sand, and special- ized bridge maintenance practices) . The information presented in this guide is based on te
12、ch- niques and control measures considered generally effective in many areas of the country . Local conditions may require that the practices discussed in this guide be altered, or used with other measures . This guide may also be aug- mented by DOTs to provide more information to suit local practic
13、es and field conditions . The information provided for each BMP includes mainte- nance frequencies and performance standards . In all cases, this information is to provide guidance specific to highway and DOT facility operation . In no case is such information meant to supersede, substitute for, or
14、make more stringent well-defined practices or regulatory standards . Clean Water Goals DOTs conduct activities that can pose a threat to water quality if BMPs are not used . These activities include road maintenance, application of traction aides and de-icers, mi- nor road and bridge repairs, fleet
15、maintenance, landscap- ing, and facility maintenance . DOTs also conduct activities that remove pollutants from the storm drain when done properly, such as street sweeping and storm drain system cleaning . Follow your DOT procedures for:I Using BMPs to treat pollutants from highway areas, transporta
16、tion infrastructure, maintenance areas, storage yards, weigh stations, rest stops, and welcome centers, among others;I Developing inspection and maintenance procedures and schedules for stormwater BMP implementation;I Properly disposing of pollutants; andI Identifying ways to reduce water quality im
17、pacts associated with the most common maintenance and operational practices . This guide provides practical information to DOT staff for selecting and using the most appropriate BMPs for each activity or situation . General Tips Assessment and Planning Maintenance staff can benefit from general site
18、 and activity assessment, as well as planning before using BMPs . Particular aspects that should be considered include:I Identify and understand basic drainage patterns of your site, including locations of storm drain inlets, pipes, and other conveyances . Ch. 1. Introduction | 3 I Identify areas of
19、 your site that are most likely sources of sediment and other typically encountered pollut- ants . Common pollutants associated with roadside activities and facility areas are shown in the tables on the next pages .I Identify areas that may also be environmentally sensi- tive to ensure that a stormw
20、ater maintenance activity does not disturb an environmental requirement . Obtain any necessary permits before the work . Ch. 1. Introduction | 4Table 1-1. Potential Pollutants Likely Associated with Specific DOT Facilities DOT Facility Activity Potential Pollutants Sediment Nutrients Trash Metals Ba
21、cteria Oil and Grease Organics Pesticides Oxygen Demand- ing Sub- stances Building and Grounds Maintenance and Repair X X X X X X X X X Parking/Storage Area Maintenance X X X X X X X X Waste Handling and Disposal X X X X X X X X X Vehicle and Equipment Fueling X X X X Vehicle and Equipment Maintenan
22、ce and Repair X X X Vehicle and Equipment Washing and Steam Cleaning X X X X X X Outdoor Loading and Unloading of Materials X X X X X X X X Outdoor Container Storage of Liquids X X X X X X Outdoor Storage of Raw Materials X X X X X X X Outdoor Process Equipment X X X X X Irrigation X X X X X X X Lan
23、dscape Maintenance X X X X X X Source: California Stormwater BMP Handbook (slightly modified). Ch. 1. Introduction | 5Table 1-2. Potential Pollutants Likely Associated with Specific DOT Roadside Activities DOT Roadside Activity Potential Pollutants Sediment Nutrients Trash Metals Bacteria Oil and Gr
24、ease Organics Pesticides Oxygen Demand- ing Sub- stances Road, Street, and Highway Operation and Mainte- nance Sweeping and Cleaning X X X X X X X X X Street Repair, Maintenance, and Striping/Painting X X X X Bridge and Structure Maintenance X X X X X Plaza, Sidewalk, and Parking Lot Maintenance and
25、 Cleaning Surface Cleaning X X X X X X X Graffiti Cleaning X X X X X Sidewalk Repair X X X Controlling Litter X X X Fountain, Pool, Lake, and Lagoon Maintenance Fountain and Pool Draining X X X Lake and Lagoon Maintenance X X X X X X Landscape Maintenance Mowing/Trimming/Planting X X X X X X X Ferti
26、lizer and Pesticide Management X X X Managing Landscape Waste X X X X Erosion Control X X Ch. 1. Introduction | 6DOT Roadside Activity Potential Pollutants Sediment Nutrients Trash Metals Bacteria Oil and Grease Organics Pesticides Oxygen Demand- ing Sub- stances Drainage System Opera- tion and Main
27、tenance Inspection and Cleaning of Stormwater Convey- ance Structures X X X X X X Controlling Illicit Connections and Discharges X X X X X X X X X Maintenance of Inlet and Outlet Structures X X X X X Waste Handling and Disposal Solid Waste Collection X X X X X X X Waste Reduction and Recycling X X X
28、 Hazardous Waste Collection X X X X X Controlling Litter X X X X X Controlling Illegal Dumping X X X X X X X X X Roadside Animal Remains X X Water and Sewer Utility Operation and Mainte- nance Water Line Maintenance X X X Sanitary Sewer Maintenance X X X X X Spill/Leak/Overflow Control, Response, an
29、d Containment X X X X X Source: California Stormwater BMP Handbook (slightly modified). Ch. 1. Introduction | 7Ensuring Clean Water Effective water pollution control must come from a culture of environmental stewardship, similar to a safety program . All staff must have the means to change work effo
30、rts, where necessary, to meet environmental protection goals . Good documentation must be kept so that the level of in- formation for required reports is accurate and defensible . A few suggestions to help ensure success:I Set a point of contact for each activity type and/or facility location . This
31、 includes DOT staff, participating contractors, and sub-contractors .I Monitor weather conditions and adjust plans accord- ingly to avoid working during storms . Work Management Stormwater pollution prevention is handled by more than one person . Roles and responsibilities should be clearly defined,
32、 communicated, and documented prior to work activity . Those should generally include:I Who is overall lead on stormwater pollution preven- tion issues at each activity or facility areaI Who is responsible for monitoring changes in weather conditionsI Who is responsible for inspecting and maintainin
33、g structural BMPsI Who is responsible for supervising and implementing good housekeeping practicesI Who is in charge of spill responseI Who is responsible to manage expected and approved non-stormwater dischargesI Who is responsible for record keeping and reportingI Who is responsible for training o
34、f other maintenance personnel on stormwater management and pollution prevention issues Ch. 1. Introduction | 8General BMP Inspection and Troubleshooting Each BMP presented in this guide has information on inspection, maintenance, and corrective actions . Many of the problems occurring in the field f
35、all into the following general categories and are not associated specifically with any one BMP . Table 1-3. General BMP Troubleshooting Ch. 1. Introduction | 9 If Your BMP or Site Is Experiencing. .Then Consider Erosion Additional erosion control/soil stabilization BMPs Diversion using temporary run
36、off management practices (clear water diversion) Modifying your maintenance sequence or schedule Sediment and Debris Build Up Additional erosion control/soil stabilization BMPs More frequent maintenance and clean out Diversion using temporary runoff management practices (clear water diversion) Modif
37、ying your maintenance sequence or schedule Trash Accumulation Staff training More covered dumpsters More frequent trash pickup Signs for employees Controlled access to site to limit illegal dumping Standing Water Inspecting inlets and pipes for blockage from trash and debris Reducing the drainage ar
38、ea to each BMP using runoff management practices Increasing the size (surface area) of your BMP Providing additional erosion and sediment control BMPs within the contributing drainage area Bypass of Flow Increasing the size of your BMP Verifying the size and physical adequacy of inflow and outflow s
39、tructures, conduits, etc.Chapter 2. ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES Storm Drain Cleaning and Repair General Description Drain inlet and culvert maintenance includes the removal of accumulated sediment, trash, and natural debris from under drains, horizontal drains, down drains, gutters, overside dra
40、ins, scuppers, and deck drains . Drains are maintained to prevent flooding and remove pollutants . Cleaning typically involves traffic control and the use of a backhoe or vactor truck . Fig. 2-1. Crews clean a culvert. Source: Idaho Transportation Department Maintenance and InspectionI Culverts and
41、drain inlets should be inspected annually in the Fall and throughout the Winter as needed to determine if cleaning or repairs are required . Storm drain inlets, culverts, and ditches should be cleaned when sediment impairs function, or when 50 percent of the flow area is blocked .I Downdrains should
42、 be inspected annually . Ch. 2. Roadside Maintenance Activities | 10General Practices for Ditch MaintenanceI Ditches should be cleaned prior to the rainy season . Permitting may be required prior to any work opera- tions . Do not change engineered ditch conditions .I Ditches and gutters should be se
43、aled or repaired when structural integrity is endangered .I Dispose of removed material properly .I Cleaned ditches should be seeded and mulched, if appropriate, as soon as possible . Monitor closely for subsequent erosion until area is stable . Repair as necessary .I Removed material that has been
44、contaminated with oil, gasoline, or other chemicals must be disposed of by a licensed hazardous materials hauler . Fig. 2-2. Failure to provide routine maintenance at pipe outfalls can lead to larger failures. Source: RBF Consulting General Practices for Culvert MaintenanceI Culverts should only be
45、cleaned or repaired during non-storm periods . If culvert maintenance must be done while water is flowing through the culvert, then clear water diversion should be installed . Ch. 2. Roadside Maintenance Activities | 11 I Disturbance of the bed and banks adjacent to the pipe should be limited to tha
46、t necessary to repair the culvert .I The work area should be fully restored upon comple- tion with a mix of native, locally adapted, vegetation, if appropriate .I Wastewater from dewatering activity should be routed to an area that will not drain directly into any stream channel . Consult the approp
47、riate dewatering permit . Disturbance of the bed and banks adjacent to the pipe should be limited to that nec- essary to repair the culvert. Fish Passage and Aquatic Species ProtectionI Coordinate with your DOT fish and wildlife specialists or local fish and wildlife agencies for assistance in sched
48、uling to avoid aquatic impacts .I If pumps are used to temporarily divert a stream to facilitate construction, a fish screen should be used to prevent trapping of small fish . Drift RemovalI Cut and turn driftwood to allow it to flow through and under the structure only where doing so would not enda
49、nger any other crossing structures downstream .I Repair and restore riparian areas temporarily impact- ed by machinery during drift removal . Coordinate long-term access for drift removal with the appropri- ate staff and agencies . Vacuum (Vactor) Waste Disposal Vactor waste is considered to have a high environmental risk . This risk is due to its makeup of easily transported silts and potentially contaminated liquid fraction . Ch. 2. Roadside Maintenance Activities | 12 I Vactor liquids should be disposed to an approved sanitary sewer only with permission
