1、GFRPAASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRPReinforced Concrete Bridge Decks and Traffic RailingsNOVEMBER2009American Association of State Highway and Transpor tation Officialsii American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249
2、 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Cover photos courtesy of Doug Gremel/Hughes Brothers, Inc. Top photo: US
3、-6, mile post 218.7 to Emma Park Road, Utah Department of Transportation. Bottom photo: Floodway bridge over the Red River, Manitoba Floodway Authority. 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.EX
4、ECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20092010 iii Voting Members Officers: President: Larry “Butch” Brown, Mississippi Vice President: Susan Martinovich, Nevada Secretary-Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, Utah Regional Representatives: REGION I: Joseph Marie, Connecticut, One-Year Term Gabe Klein, District of Columbia, Two-
5、Year Term REGION II: Dan Flowers, Arkansas, One-Year Term Mike Hancock, Kentucky, Two-Year Term REGION III: Nancy J. Richardson, Iowa, One-Year Term Thomas K. Sorel, Minnesota, Two-Year Term REGION IV: Paula Hammond, Washington, One-Year Term Amadeo Saenz, Jr., Texas, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members
6、 Immediate Past President: Allen Biehler, Pennsylvania AASHTO Executive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DC 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.HIGHWAYS SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTU
7、RES, 2008 iv MALCOLM T. KERLEY, Chair KEVIN THOMPSON, Vice Chair M. MYINT LWIN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary FIRAS I. SHEIKH IBRAHIM, Federal Highway Administration, Assistant Secretary ALABAMA, John F. Black, William F. Conway, George H. Conner ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, Jean A.
8、 Nehme ARKANSAS, Phil Brand CALIFORNIA, Kevin Thompson, Susan Hida, Barton J. Newton COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard, Michael G. Salamon CONNECTICUT, Gary J. Abramowicz, Julie F. Georges DELAWARE, Jiten K. Soneji, Barry A. Benton DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Nicolas Glados, L. Donald Cooney, Konjit “Connie” Eske
9、nder FLORIDA, Robert V. Robertson, Jr., Marcus Ansley, Andre Pavlov GEORGIA, Paul V. Liles, Jr., Brian Summers HAWAII, Paul T. Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson, Thomas J. Domagalski INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst, James J. Brennan
10、, Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY, Allen Frank LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier MAINE, David Sherlock, Jeffrey S. Folsom MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Robert J. Healy MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Steven P. Beck, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Daniel L. Dorgan, Kevin Western M
11、ISSISSIPPI, Mitchell K. Carr, B. Keith Carr MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Michael Harms MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes NEBRASKA, Lyman D. Freemon, Mark Ahlman, Hussam “Sam” Fallaha NEVADA, Mark P. Elicegui, Marc Grunert, Todd Stefonowicz NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark W. Richardson, David L. Scott NEW JERSEY, Richard W.
12、Dunne NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, George A. Christian, Donald F. Dwyer, Arthur P. Yannotti NORTH CAROLINA, Greg R. Perfetti NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Timothy J. Keller, Jawdat Siddiqi OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Gregory D. Allen OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANI
13、A, Thomas P. Macioce, Harold C. “Hal” Rogers, Jr., Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, Jaime Cabr RHODE ISLAND, David Fish SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Kevin Goeden TENNESSEE, Edward P. Wasserman TEXAS, William R. Cox, David P. Hohmann U.S. DOT, M. Myint Lwin, Firas I. Sheikh Ibra
14、him, Hala Elgaaly UTAH, Richard Miller VERMONT, William Michael Hedges VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley, Kendal Walus, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Julius F. J. Volgyi, Jr. WASHINGTON, Jugesh Kapur, Tony M. Allen, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Gregory Bailey WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, Beth A. Cannestra, Finn Hubb
15、ard WYOMING, Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R. Fulton ALBERTA, Tom Loo NEW BRUNSWICK, Doug Noble NOVA SCOTIA, Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Bala Tharmabala SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, Kary H. Witt N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William J. Moreau PENN. TU
16、RNPIKE COMMISSION, Gary L. Graham SURFACE DEPLOYMENT AND DISTRIBUTION COMMAND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AGENCY, Robert D. Franz U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Paul C. T. Tan U.S. COAST GUARD, Nick E. Mpras, Jacob Patnaik U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, John R. Kat
17、tell 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TABLE OF CONTENTS v SECTION 1INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1SCOPE . 1 1.2DEFINITIONS . 1 1.3LIMITATIONS 2 1.4DESIGN PHILOSOPHY . 2 REFERENCES . 3 SECTION 2BRIDGE
18、 DECKS 5 2.1SCOPE . 5 2.2DEFINITIONS . 5 2.3NOTATION . 6 2.4LIMITATIONS 7 2.5GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 8 2.5.1Deck Drainage . 8 2.5.2Concrete Appurtenances 8 2.5.3Edge Supports 8 2.5.4Cantilever Slabs . 8 2.5.5Stay-in-Place Formwork 8 2.6MATERIAL PROPERTIES . 8 2.6.1GFRP Reinforcing Bars . 8 2.6.1
19、.1General 8 2.6.1.2Tensile Strength and Strain 8 2.6.1.3Modulus of Elasticity . 9 2.7LIMIT STATES . 9 2.7.1General . 9 2.7.2Service Limit State . 10 2.7.3Fatigue and Creep Rupture Limit State 10 2.7.4Strength Limit State . 11 2.7.4.1General 11 2.7.4.2Resistance Factors . 12 2.7.4.3Stability 13 2.7.5
20、Extreme Event Limit State . 13 2.8DESIGN CONSIDERATION 13 2.8.1General . 13 2.8.2Effect of Imposed Deformation . 13 2.9DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL EFFECTS . 13 2.9.1Assumptions for Service, and Fatigue and Creep Rupture Limit States 13 2.9.2Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit States . 14 2.9.2.
21、1General 14 2.9.2.2Rectangular Stress Distribution . 14 2.9.3Flexural Members 15 2.9.3.1Stress in GFRP Reinforcement at Nominal Flexural Resistance . 15 2.9.3.2Flexural Resistance 15 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a
22、violation of applicable law.vi 2.9.3.2.1Factored Flexural Resistance . 15 2.9.3.2.2Rectangular Sections . 16 2.9.3.2.3Composite Constructions . 17 2.9.3.2.4Strain Compatibility Approach 17 2.9.3.3Limits for Reinforcement . 18 2.9.3.4Control of Cracking . 18 2.9.3.5Deformation . 19 2.9.3.6Stress Limi
23、t for Concrete . 20 2.10DESIGN FOR SHEAR EFFECTS . 20 2.10.1Design Procedures . 20 2.10.2General Requirements 20 2.10.2.1General . 20 2.10.2.2Region Requiring Transverse Reinforcement 21 2.10.2.2.1Minimum Transverse Reinforcement 21 2.10.2.2.2Maximum Transverse Reinforcement 21 2.10.2.2.3Types of Tr
24、ansverse Reinforcement 22 2.10.2.2.4Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement 22 2.10.2.3Design and Detailing Requirements . 22 2.10.2.3.1General 22 2.10.2.3.2Anchorage of Reinforcement . 22 2.10.2.3.3Bending of Reinforcement . 22 2.10.2.3.4Closed Stirrups 23 2.10.2.3.5Mechanical Anchorages . 23 2
25、.10.3Sectional Design Model . 23 2.10.3.1Nominal Shear Resistance . 23 2.10.3.2Procedures for Determining Shear Resistance . 23 2.10.3.2.1Nominal Shear Resistance Provided by the Concrete 23 2.10.3.2.2Nominal Shear Resistance Provided by the Shear Reinforcement . 24 2.11DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT . 25
26、 2.11.1Concrete Cover 25 2.11.2Hooks and Bends . 25 2.11.3Spacing of Reinforcement 25 2.11.3.1Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars . 25 2.11.3.1.1Cast-in-Place Concrete 25 2.11.3.1.2Precast Concrete 25 2.11.3.1.3Multilayers . 25 2.11.3.1.4Splices 26 2.11.3.1.5Bundled Bars . 26 2.11.3.2Maximum Spacing
27、 of Reinforcing Bars . 26 2.11.4Transverse Reinforcement for Flexural Members 26 2.11.4.1General . 26 2.11.4.2Distribution Reinforcement 26 2.11.5Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement . 27 2.12DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT 27 2.12.1General . 27 2.12.1.1Basic Requirements . 27 2.12.1.2Fl
28、exural Reinforcement . 28 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii 2.12.1.2.1General 28 2.12.1.2.2Positive Moment Reinforcement . 28 2.12.1.2.3Negative Moment Reinforcement 29 2.12.2Developmen
29、t of Reinforcement . 29 2.12.2.1Deformed Bars in Tension . 29 2.12.2.2Deformed Bars in Compression . 30 2.12.2.3Standard Hooks in Tension 30 2.12.3Development by Mechanical Anchorages . 30 2.12.4Splices of Bar Reinforcement 30 REFERENCES . 32 SECTION 3RAILINGS . 33 3.1SCOPE . 33 3.2DEFINITIONS . 33
30、3.3NOTATION . 34 3.4GENERAL . 34 3.5MATERIALS . 35 3.6LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 35 3.6.1Strength Limit State . 35 3.6.2Extreme Event Limit State . 35 3.7TRAFFIC RAILINGS 36 3.7.1Railing System . 36 3.7.1.1General 36 3.7.1.2Approach Railings . 36 3.7.1.3End Treatment . 36 3.7.2Test Level Se
31、lection Criteria . 36 3.7.3Traffic Railing Design . 36 3.7.3.1General 36 3.7.3.1.1Application of Previously Tested Systems 37 3.7.3.1.2New Systems . 37 3.7.3.2Height of Traffic Parapet or Railing 37 3.8CURBS AND SIDEWALKS . 37 3.8.1General . 37 3.8.2Sidewalks . 37 3.8.3End Treatment of Separation Ra
32、iling . 37 REFERENCES . 38 APPENDIX A3RAILINGS . 39 A3.1GEOMETRY AND ANCHORAGES . 39 A3.1.1Separation of Rail Elements 39 A3.1.2Anchorages . 39 A3.2DESIGN FORCES 40 A3.3DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR POST-AND-BEAM RAILING TEST SPECIMENS . 40 A3.3.1General 40 A3.3.2Transverse Resistance . 41 A3.4DECK OVERHANG
33、DESIGN . 42 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viii SECTION 4MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 43 4.1SCOPE . 43 4.2DEFINITIONS . 43 4.3NON-STANDARD DOCUMENTS 44 4.4MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURE 44 4.4.1Fib
34、ers . 44 4.4.2Matrix Resins . 44 4.4.3Fillers and Additives 45 4.4.4Manufacturing Process . 45 4.5PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 45 4.5.1Fiber Content . 45 4.5.2Glass Transition Temperature 45 4.5.3Longitudinal and Transverse Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (CTE) 46 4.5.4Bar Sizes 46 4.6MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
35、 . 46 4.6.1Tensile Strength . 46 4.6.2Tensile Modulus of Elasticity 47 4.6.3Shear Strength (Perpendicular to the Bar) 47 4.6.4Tensile Strain . 47 4.6.5Bond Strength 48 4.7DURABILITY PROPERTIES . 48 4.7.1Moisture Absorption 48 4.7.2Resistance to Alkaline Environment 48 4.7.3Longitudinal Wicking 48 4.
36、8OTHER REQUIREMENTS . 48 4.8.1Bend Diameter . 48 4.8.2Strength of Bends . 48 4.9SAMPLING . 49 4.9.1Sampling Frequency and Number of Specimens . 49 4.9.2Rejection and Rehearing 49 4.10CERTIFICATION 49 4.10.1Documents . 50 4.10.2QC/QA . 50 4.10.3Product Certification 50 4.11MARKINGS 51 REFERENCES . 52
37、 SECTION 5CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS 53 5.1SCOPE . 53 5.2DEFINITIONS . 53 5.3SUBMITTALS . 53 5.4MATERIAL DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING 53 5.5PRODUCTS . 54 5.5.1Materials 54 5.5.1.1GFRP Reinforcing Bars . 54 5.5.1.2Permitted Damage 54 5.5.2Fabrication . 54 2009 by the American Association of State
38、 Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ix 5.6EXECUTION . 54 5.6.1Preparation . 54 5.6.2Bar Placement 54 5.6.2.1Tolerances 54 5.6.2.2GFRP Reinforcement Relocation 54 5.6.2.3Concrete Cover 55 5.6.3GFRP Reinforcement Supports 55 5.6.4Fiel
39、d Bending or Straightening 55 5.6.5GFRP Reinforcement through Expansion Joints 56 5.7REPAIR OF GFRP BARS . 56 5.8FIELD CUTTING OF GFRP REINFORCEMENT . 56 5.9CONCRETE PLACEMENT 56 REFERENCES . 57 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Dupli
40、cation is a violation of applicable law.SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1SCOPE These Specifications offer a description of the uniquematerial properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP) composite materials as well as provisions for thedesign and construction of concrete bridge decks and railings r
41、einforced with GFRP reinforcing bars. GFRP reinforcement shall be in the form of deformed or sand-coated bars, or both, to provide bond with concrete. C1.1 GFRP materials have emerged as an alternative material for producing reinforcing bars for concrete structures Iyer and Sen (1991), Neale and Lab
42、ossiere (1992), White (1992), Nanni (1993), Nanni and Dolan (1993), Dolan et al. (1996), El-Badry (1996), Humar and Razaqpur (2000), Burgoyne (2001), Cosenza et. al. (2001), Figueiras et al. (2001), Teng (2001), Triantafillou (2007).GFRP reinforcing bars offer advantages over steel reinforcement due
43、 to their noncorrosive nature and nonconductive behavior. Due to other differences in thephysical and mechanical behavior of GFRP materials as opposed to steel, unique guidance on the engineering and construction of concrete bridge decks reinforced with GFRP bars is needed. The term “shall” denotes
44、a requirement for compliance with these Specifications. The term “should” indicates a strong preference for a given criterion. The term “may” indicates a criterion that is usable, but other local and suitably documented, verified, and approved criterion may also be used in a manner consistent with t
45、he LRFD approach to bridge design. These Specifications are not intended to supplantproper training or the exercise of judgment by the DesignProfessional, and state only the minimum requirementsnecessary to provide for public safety. The Owner or theDesign Professional may require the sophistication
46、 of the design or the quality of materials and construction to behigher than the minimum requirements. The Design Professional shall be familiar with theprovisions of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge DesignSpecifications and latest interim specifications, as well as with the design of conventional reinforced
47、concretestructures. The commentary directs attention to other documentsthat provide suggestions for carrying out the requirementsand intent of these Specifications. However, those documents and this commentary are not intended to be apart of these Specifications. Material and Construction Specificat
48、ions consistentwith these design Specifications are as specified inSection 4 and Section 5, respectively. 1.2DEFINITIONS Design ProfessionalThe architect, engineer, architectural firm, or engineering firm responsible for the design of the bridge and issuing Contract Documents or administering the Wo
49、rk under Contract Documents, or both. FiberAny fine thread-like natural or synthetic object of mineral or organic origin. Note: This term is generally used for materials whose length is at least 100 times its diameter. Fiber, AramidHighly oriented organic fiber derived from polyamide incorporating into an aromatic ring structure. 2009 by the American Association of State High
