1、 GUIDE FOR PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITIES OCTOBER 2004 Prepared by the Task Force on Public Transportation Facilities Design AASHTO Subcommittee on Design Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 ww
2、w.transportation.org (202) 624-5800 O 2004 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights resewed. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Publ. Code: G
3、PRF-2 ISBN # 1-56051-294-6 AASHTO 2004-2005 Executive Committee Voting Members OfJicers: President: J. Bryan Nicol, Indiana Vice President: Jack Lettiere, New Jersey Secretary-Treasurer: Larry M. King, Pennsylvania Regional Representatives: REGION I: Allen Biehler, Pennsylvania, One-Year Term Dan Ta
4、ngherlini, District of Columbia, Two-Year Term REGION II: Fernando Fagundo, Puerto Rico, One-Year Term Harold Linnenkohl, Georgia, Two-Year Term REGION iI1: Gloria Jeff, Michigan, One-Year Term Frank Busalacchi, Wisconsin, Two-Year Term REGION IV: Tom Norton, Colorado, One-Year Term David Sprynczyna
5、tyk, North Dakota, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members Immediate Past President: John R. Njord, Utah Executive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DC iii Technical Committee on Public Transportation Facilities Design Members Region I Region II Region IIi Region IV Luisa Paiewonsky, Massachusetts Joseph
6、P. Palladi, Georgia Michelle D. Hoffman, Maryland Stephen Bates, Virginia Michael Christensen, Minnesota Antonette C. Clark, California Myron Swisher, Colorado Carlos A. Lopez (Chair), Texas Dave McCormick, Washington Ad Hoc Members Jim McDonnell, AASHTO Dennis Chnstiansen, Texas Transportation Inst
7、itute Chuck Fuhs, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Inc. Robert Schlicht, FHWA Jon Obenberger, FHWA Representing the TRB HOV Systems Committee Dave Schumacher, Metropolitan Transit Development Board, San Diego Katherine Turnbull, Texas Transportation Institute Agnes Govern, Sound Transit, Seat
8、tle Thomas W. Muligan, City of Mississauga, Ontario iv AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Design Chair: Allen D. Biehler, Pennsylvania Vice Chair: Susan Martinovich, Nevada Secretary: Dwight A. Home, EHWA Liaison: Jim McDonnell, AASHTO State Member Alabama Don T. Arkle Steven E. Walker, P.E. Alaska Gary
9、 Hogins, P.E. Arizona John L. Louis Arkansas Phillip L. McConnell Charles D. Clements California Mark Leja Colorado Dean Van DeWege Connecticut Deiaware Carl F. Bard Arthur W. Gruhn James H. Norman Michael A. Angelo Kevin Canning Michael H. Simmons District of Columbia Kathleen Penney Zahra Domz All
10、en Miller Fiorida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Brian A. Blanchard, P.E. Robert Greer Jim Mills, P.E. Thomas L. Tuner, P.E. James “Ben” Buchan, P.E. Gary C.P. Choy Julius Fronda Loren D. Thomas Steven C. Hutchinson Michael Hine Gerald Mroczka Michael J. Kennerly David L. Little W
11、illiam J. Stein James O. Brewer Richard G. Adams LaMonte C. Armstrong V Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnes o ta Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Kenneth Sperry, P.E. David Jones Gar
12、y W. Sharpe, P.E. N. Kent Israel Nicholas Kalivoda, III Lloyd E. Porta Jerome A. Casey, P.E. Kirk G. McClelland Robert D. Douglass John Blundo, P.E. Stanley Wood, Jr. Mark Van Port Fleet Richard A. Elasky Mukhtar Thakur David Foster John B. Pickering, P.E. Keith Purvis David B. Nichols Diane Heckeme
13、yer Carl S. Peil Paul R. Ferry Ronald E. Williams Don Turek Dawn Allyn Edon D. Poppe Wayne Kinder Craig A. Green Richard W. Dunne Arthur J. Eisdorfer Robert A. Signora Roy Maestas Dennis Peralta Max Valerio Phillip J. Clark Daniel D Angelo, P.E. Richard W. Lee Jay A. Bennett, P.E. Deborah M. Barbour
14、 Art McMillan Mark Gaydos Cash Misel Larry F. Sutherland, P.E. vi Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Christine M. Senkowski, P.E. Bruce E. Taylor Thomas Lauer Dean A. Schre
15、iber, P.E. Ariel Prez Jos E. Santana-Pimente1 J. Michael Bennett, P.E. Robert I. Pratt Rocque L. Kneece, P.E. John V. Walsh, P.E. Joel Gengler Joe J. Feller Jeff C. Jones James Zeigler Mark A. Marek Jason E. Davis Robert F. Shattuck Mohammad Mirshahi, P.E. Harold Peterfeso Richard Albin Norman H. Ro
16、ush, P.E. David E. Clevenger Randolph T. Epperly, Jr. Beth Cannestra Robert F. Pfeiffer Paul P. Bercich U.S. DOT Member FAA Rick Marinelli, P.E Associate Member-Bridge, Port, and Toll NJ. Turnpike Authority Penn. Turnpike Commission Port Authority of NY and NJ J. Lawrence Williams Barry L. Troup, P.
17、E. Yue Sun Chen Associate Member-Federal USDA Forest Service Deborah Beighley Associate Member-International Alberta British Columbia Ontario Saskatchewan Allan Kwan Richard Voyer Joe Bucik Sukhy Kent vii Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES . xii LIST OF TABLES xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xv CHAPTER 1 ORGAN
18、IZATION OF GUIDE . 1 CHAPTER 2 DEFINING THE PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITY . 3 2.1 Classifying the Park-and-Ride Lot 3 2.1.1 The Park-and-Ride System as a Mode of Transportation . 3 2.1.2 The Park-and-Ride Lot as a Facility . 4 Park-and-Ride Facilities Defined by Function . 4 2.2.1 Informal Park-and-Ride Lo
19、ts . 4 2.2.2 Opportunistic or Joint-Use Lots 4 2.2.3 Park-and-Pool Lots . 5 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 Park-and-Ride Facilities Defined by Distance to Destination Market . 7 2.3.1 Suburban Park-and-Ride Lots (As Defined by Location) 7 2.3.2 2.3.3 Local Urban Park-and-Ride Lots . 8 2.3.4 The Changing Role of
20、the Park-and-Ride Facility . 9 2.2 Suburban Park-and-Ride Lots (As Defined by Use) . 5 Transit Centers (Intermodal Transit Center) 6 Satellite Parking Facilities . 6 2.3 Remote Long-Distance Lots 8 Peripheral Park-and-Ride Lots . 9 2.4 CHAPTER 3 PARK-AND-RDDE PLANNING PROCESS 11 3.1 System Planning
21、Process . 11 3.1.1 The System Study 12 3.1.2 System Inventoy 13 3.1.3 Purpose and Need 14 3.1.4 Goals/ObjectivesMeasures of Effectiveness . 14 3.1.5 Service Network . 16 3.1.6 Policy-Level EnvironmentaHnvestment Analysis 16 3.1.7 Public Ivolvement 16 3.1.8 Intergovernmental Agreements 17 Site-Level
22、Location and Design Studies . 17 Final (Detail) Design and Construction 19 3.2 3.3 3.4 Making the Suburban Park-and-Ride Facility Location Decision . 20 3.4.1 Locating Park-and-Ride Facilities to Assure Strong Patronage Demand . 21 3.4.2 Locating Park-and-Ride Facilities to Provide for Community Int
23、egration 26 ix 3.4.3 Locating Park-and-Ride Facilities to Reduce Implementation Costs and Financial Risk 27 3.4.4 Summary . 29 Suburban Park-and-Ride Demand Estimation Techniques . 30 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 Overview and Background 30 Regional Modeling Approach for Site-Specific Suburban Park-and-Ride
24、 Site-Level Forecasting for Suburban Park-and-Ride Lots Based on Site and Service Characteristics . 34 Facilities 30 3.5.4 summary . 44 CHAPTER 4 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITIES 45 Unsignalized Access Spacing (Driveway-to-Driveway Spacing) . 46 Corner Clearance Criteria (Drive
25、way-to-Intersection Spacing) 49 4.2 Priority Treatments 49 Signal Priority on Surface Streets for Transit Vehicles 50 Queue Bypass Lanes on Surface Streets for Transit Vehicles 52 Guide Signs to the Facility 56 Sign Board Location and Placement . 58 Intelligent Transportation Systems 59 Electronic F
26、are Payment 60 4.4.2 Traveler Information . 60 4.6 Performance Monitoring 62 4.1 Access Management 45 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 Ramp Metering with HOV Bypass Lane 49 4.3 Signing . 54 4.3.1 4.3.2 Facility Signs 57 4.3.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.5 Maintenance . 61 CHAPTER 5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PARK-AND-R
27、IDE FACILITIES 63 5.1 Functional Zones of a Transit Facility 64 5.2 Community Integration 64 5.2.1 Land-Use Coordination and Integrated Park-and-Ride Facilities . 66 5.2.2 Organization of Surrounding Land Use 68 5.2.3 Locate Supporting Land Uses in Proximity to the Park-and-Ride Facility . 70 5.2.4
28、Identify Joint-Use Development Opportunities Related to Existing and Future Park-and-Ride Facilities 72 5.3 Pedestrian and Passenger Facility Requirements . 77 5.3.1 Facility Layout Based on Pedestrian Access Needs . 77 5.3.2 Pedestrian Design Summary 77 5.3.3 Separation of Competing Modes . 78 5.3.
29、4 Pedestrian Pathways . 79 5.3.5 5.3.6 A Safe Environment . 81 5.3.7 Bicycle Access 86 Pedestrian Waiting Areas . 80 X 5.4 5.5 Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities . 88 Providing for the Transit Vehicle 88 The Transit Design Vehicle 90 Transit Vehicle Maneuverability and Access Requirements .
30、 91 Turning Radii and Design of Curb Returns 91 5.5.1 5.5.2 5 53 5.5.4 Acceleration and Maximum Negotiable Grades . 93 5.5.5 Adequate Clear Sight Distance 93 5.5.6 Traversing Driveways, Raised Pedestrian Pathways, Traffic-Calming 5.5.7 5.5.8 5.5.9 Devices, and Railroad Crossings . 95 Bus Access and
31、Parking Requirements . 96 Pavement and Cross-Section Requirements 98 Other Design Considerations . 101 Providing for the Private Automobile . 104 Facility Type (Surface or Structured) 105 5.6.2 Parking Layout . 105 Parking Stall Alignment and Dimensions . 106 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.3 5.6.4 On-Site Circulatio
32、n 108 5.6.5 Parking Demand Management . 109 5.6.6 Paving Requirements 109 5.7 Drainage Requirements . 110 5.6.7 Drop-and-Ride Activities . 110 5.8 Illumination Requirements 111 CHAPTER 6 ARCHITECTURE. LANDSCAPE. AND ART INTEGRAL PARTS 6.1 OF THE PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITY . 113 Art and Architecture 113
33、6.1.1 Justification for Art 113 6.1.2 An Argument for Permanence . 114 6.1.3 When to Incorporate Art and Architecture 114 GLOSSARY OF TERMS . 125 ABBREVIATIONS 132 REFERENCES 135 xi List of Figures Figure 2- 1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 5-1 5-2 5-3 5
34、 -4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 Title Park-and-Ride Lots by Distance . 7 Park-and-Ride System Planning Process 12 Park-and-Ride Site-Level Study Process 19 Siting a Park-and-Ride Lot . 22 Combined RadiaVCircumferential Commute Pattern 24 River Stone Embedded in Concrete . 25 Open Shelter
35、 Design . 26 Common Barriers to Pedestrians and Nonmotorized Access to Be Avoided or Mitigated 28 Overview of Park-and-Ride Demand Estimation Methodology 31 Estimated Market Catchment Area 36 Park-and-Ride Service Area . 36 Peripheral Park-and-Ride Market Demand Shed (Approximated) 37 Park-and-Ride
36、Demand Estimation Equations . 43 Alternative Service Area Concept 36 Example of a Queue Jumper Bus Bay . 53 Queue-Jumper Bus Bay Layout 54 Bus Queue Jump Concept with Exclusive Signal . 55 Facility Sign Examples 57-58 Park-and-Ride Guide Signing Examples 59 Example Park-and-Ride Layout for a Small-S
37、ized Lot . 65 Small-Sized Lot with Parking Structure 66 Example Park-and-Ride Layout for a Medium-Sized Lot . 67 Example Park-and-Ride Layout for a Large-Sized Lot . 68 Functional Zones of a Transit Facility . 69 Multimodal Approach to Park-and-Ride Lots (Bicycle Storage Rack) 70 Auto-Transit Park-a
38、nd-Ride Interface 71 Pedestrian Underpass at a Park-and-Ride Lot . 72 Park-and-Ride as Community Focal Point . 73 On-Site Focal Point/con 74 Joint-Use Park-and-Ride Facility-Historic Firestation 75 Joint-Use Park-and-Ride Facility-Espresso Shop 76 Walking Distances Under Normal Conditions . 78 Xii 5
39、-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-28 5-29 5-30 5-3 1 5-32 5-33 5-34 5-35 5-36 5-37 5-38 5-39 5-40 6- 1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 Prototype Park-and-Ride Facilities . 79 Raised Pedestrian PathwayiTraffic Hump/Speed Table . 80 Passenger Facilit
40、y Location 82 High Canopy Shelter Design 83 Designing a Defensible Space-Business Facing Park-and-Ride Facility . 85 Designing a Defensible Space-On-Site Bakery and Shops 86 Designing a Defensible Space-Security Camera in Park-and-Ride Facility 88 On-Site Security Office . 89 Bicycle Racks and Stora
41、ge Facilities . 89 Minimum Turning Path for Intercity Bus (Bus-12 Bus-40) Design Vehicle . 94 Minimum Turning Path for Intercity Bus (Bus-14 Bus-451) Design Vehicle . 95 Minimum Turning Path for City Transit Bus (CITY-BUS) Design Vehicle . 96 Bus Underside Clearance Angles . 98 Linear Bus Bay Design
42、-On-Street . 100 Linear Bus Bay Application-On-Street . 101 Sawtooth Bus Bay Design 102 Designing a Defensible Space-Mixed-Use Park-and-Ride Facility 84 Designing a Defensible Space-Community . ?Crime Stoppers? Program 87 Bicycle Storage Units . 90 Minimum Turning Path for Articulated Bus (A-BUS) De
43、sign Vehicle . 97 Bus Bay Configurations 99 Linear Bus Bay Design-Off-street Inside Park-and-Ride Lot 101 Sawtooth Bus Bay Application 102 Bus Loop Application . 103 Pavement Cross Section 104 Preferred Parking Stall Layout . 106 Angled Versus 90-Degree Parking . 107 Mural on Shelter . 116 Braeswood
44、 Park-and-Ride 117 Bus Sculpture 117 Stained-Glass Tiger . 118 Overlake Park-and-Ride Shelter . 118 Escondido Transit Center 119 Shelter at Pavilion Park-and-Ride 120 Art at Aurora Village Transit Center . 120 Transit Sculpture . 121 Mixed-Use Park-and-Ride 122 Ocean Theme on Shelter 123 Aurora Vill
45、age Shelter Art . 124 xiii Table 2- 1 2-2 3-1 3-2 4- 1 4-2 4-3 5-1 5-2 5-3 5 -4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 Title Park-and-Ride Facility Classification by Function 5 Park-and-Ride Facilities by Distance to Destination Market 8 Contributing Factors to Park-and-Ride Demand . 38-40 Cross-Correlation Matrix of Inde
46、pendent Park-and-Ride Demand Regression Variables 44 Unsignalized Access Spacing Comparisons Based Upon Spillback-Metric 47 Unsignalized Access Spacing Comparisons Based Upon Spillback-U.S. Customary . 48 Summary of Bus Signal Priority (BSP) Strategies 51 Average Walking Distances in Meters (Feet) b
47、y Purpose and Population Size 78 Rail and Bus Station-Pedestrian Level-of-Service on Walkways 81 Bus Vehicle Dimensions-Metric 92 Bus Vehicle Dimensions-U.S. Customary 92 Minimum Travel Way Designs for City Transit Buses-Metric 93 Minimum Travel Way Designs for City Transit Buses-U.S. Customary 93 P
48、arking Stall Dimensions 108 Recommended Maintained Lighting Levels 1 11 xiv Acknowledgments AASHTOs Technical Committee on Public Transportation Facilities Design is indebted to the many contributors to this guide. The foundational basis of the guide was the Park-and-Ride Planning and Design Guideli
49、nes, Monograph Il (October, 1997), developed by Robert J. Spillar, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Inc. Under the guidance of Technical Committee members, Mr. Spillars monograph was supplemented by recent developments in park-and-ride facility planning and design. In addition, excerpts from NCHRP Report 414, HOV Systems Manual were used. Supplemental background research and editing was accomplished by Ginger Daniels Goodin, Michael Martello, and William Eisele, of the Texas Transporta- tion Institute, with Ivan Lorenz developing and edi
