1、Guide forPavementFriction 2008, by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN: 978-1-56051-428-2 Pub
2、Code: GPVF-1 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Guide forPavementFriction 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a
3、 violation of applicable law.Guide for Pavement friction20072008Joint Technical Committee on PavementsRegon 1DelawareRobin Davis (Design)MarylandTim Smith (Materials)New YorkWes Yang (Design)VermontMichael Pologruto (Design)Vacant (Design)Regon 2AlabamaLarry Lockett (Materials)ArkansasPhillip McConn
4、ell (Design)LouisianaJeff Lambert (Design)North CarolinaJudith Corley-Lay (Design)South CarolinaAndy Johnson (Design)Regon 3IowaChris Brakke (Design)KansasAndy Gisi (Design)MinnesotaCurt Turgeon (Materials)MissouriJay F. Bledsoe (Design)OhioAric Morse (Design)Regon 4CaliforniaBill Farnbach (Design)C
5、oloradoRichard Zamora (Design)OklahomaJeff Dean (Design)WyomingRick Harvey (Materials)Vacant (Design)OtherAASHTO LiaisonKeith Platte and Ken KobetskyStanding Committee on AviationGary Harris, IAFHWAPete StephanosPort Authority of New York and New JerseyVacantTRBAmir HannaCharDan DawoodPennsylvaniaVc
6、e CharLinda PierceWashington 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violatio
7、n of applicable law.Table of ContentsList of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viAbstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Purpose and Scope of Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.3 Guide Organization and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11、 . . . . . . . . . . .22.0 Pavement Friction Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32.1 Importance of Pavement Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32.2 Pa
12、vement Friction Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.0 Pavement Friction Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213.1 Developing Pavement Friction Mana
13、gement Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223.2 Establishing the Pavement Friction Management Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254.0 Pavement Friction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374.2 Developing Friction Design Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . . .374.3 Project-Level Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . .61Appendix A. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67Appendix B. Standards Relevant to Pavement Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73Appendix C. Index of Standards a
17、nd Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vList of FiguresFigure 2-1. Total Crashes (from All Vehicle Types) on
18、 U.S. Highways from 1988 to 2003 (NHTSA, 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Figure 2-2. Total Fatalities and Injuries (from All Vehicle Types) on U.S. Highways from 1988 to 2003 (NHTSA, 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . 4Figure 2-3. Relationship between Wet-Weather Crash Rates and Pavement Friction (Rizenbergs et al., 1973) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Figure 2-4. Mean Crash Risk for Roadway Network in the United Kingdom (Viner et al., 2004)
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Figure 2-5. Simplified Diagram of Forces Acting on a Rotating Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Figure 2-6. Pavement Longitudinal Friction Versus Tire Slip (Henry, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Figure 2-7.
21、Dynamics of a Vehicle Traveling around a Constant Radius Curve at a Constant Speed, and the Forces Acting on the Rotating Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . 8Figure 2-8. Key Mechanisms of PavementTire Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Figure 2-9. Simplified Illustration
22、of the Various Texture Ranges that Exist for a Given Pavement Surface (Sandburg, 1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Figure 2-10. Texture Wavelength Influence on PavementTire Interactions (adapted from Henry, 2000 and Sandburg and Ejsmont, 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Figure
23、 2-11. The IFI and Rado IFI Models (Rado, 1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Figure 3-1. Example of a Possible PFM Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Figure 3-2. Conceptual Relationship between Friction Demand, Speed, an
24、d Friction Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Figure 3-3. Setting of Investigatory and Intervention Levels for a Specific Friction Demand Category Using Time History of Pavement Friction . . . . . . . . 31Figure 3-4. Setting of Investigatory and Intervention
25、 Levels for a Specific Friction Demand Category Using Time History of Friction and Crash Rate . . . . . . . . . . 32Figure 3-5. Setting of Investigatory and Intervention Levels for a Specific Friction Demand Category Using Pavement Friction Distribution and Crash RateFriction Trend . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Figure 3-6. Determination of Friction and/or Texture Deficiencies Using the IFI . . . . . . . . . 34Figure 4-1. Example Illustration of Matching Aggregate Sources and Mix Types/texturing Techniques to Meet Friction Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51F
27、igure 4-2. Example of Determining DFT(20) and MPD Needed to Achieve Design Friction Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Figure 4-3. Flowchart Illustration of Asphalt Pavement Friction Design Methodology (Sullivan, 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Figure 4-4. Illustration of Vehicle Response at 80 kph (50 mph) as Function of PSV and MPD (Sullivan, 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Guide for Pavement friction 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transp
29、ortation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vList of TablesTable 2-1. Factors Affecting Available Pavement Friction (Wallman and Astrom, 2001) . . . . 10Table 3-1. Summary of Issues Relating to Standardized Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 2930Table 4-1.
30、 Test Methods for Characterizing Aggregate Frictional Properties . . . . . . . . 3942Table 4-2. Typical Range of Test Values for Aggregate Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 4-3. Asphalt Pavement Surface Mix Types and Texturing Techniques . . . . . . . . 4748Table 4-4. Concre
31、te Pavement Surface Mix Types and Texturing Techniques . . . . . . . 4950Table 4-5. Pairs of MPD and DFT(20) Needed to Achieve Design Friction Level of 40 . . . . 54Guide for Pavement friction 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplica
32、tion is a violation of applicable law.vGuide for Pavement frictionAcknowledgmentsThe research described herein was performed under NCHRP Project 1-43 by the Transportation Sector of Applied Research Associates (ARA), Inc. Dr. Jim W. Hall, Jr., was the principal investigator for the study.Dr. Hall wa
33、s supported in the research and in developing this guide by ARA research engineers Leslie Titus-Glover, Kelly Smith, and Lynn Evans, and by three project consultantsDr. James Wambold (President of CDRM, Inc. and Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Penn State University), Thomas Yager (Se
34、nior Research Engineer at the NASA Langley Research Center), and Zoltan Rado (Senior Research Associate at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute).The authors gratefully acknowledge all of the individuals with state departments of transportation (DOTs) who responded to the pavement friction surve
35、y conducted for this project. The authors also express their gratitude for the valuable input provided by knowledgeable representatives of DOTs, paving associations, academia, and manufacturers of friction measuring equipment, vehicle tires, and trucks.AbstractThis report contains guidelines and rec
36、ommendations for managing and designing for friction on highway pavements. The contents of this report will be of interest to highway materials, construction, pavement management, safety, design, and research engineers, as well as others concerned with the friction and related surface characteristic
37、s of highway pavements.Information is presented that emphasizes the importance of providing adequate levels of friction for the safety of highway users. The factors that influence friction and the concepts of how friction is determined (based on measurements of surface micro-texture and macro-textur
38、e) are discussed. Methods for monitoring the friction of in-service pavements and determining appropriate actions in the case of friction deficiencies (friction management) are described. Also, aggregate tests and criteria that help attain adequate micro-texture are presented, followed by a discussi
39、on of how paving mixtures and surface texturing techniques can be selected so as to impart the macro-texture required to achieve the design friction level. 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law
40、.1Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1Introduction1.1 BackgroundPavementtire friction (or, simply, pavement friction) is one of many factors determining highway safety and, in particular, the probability of wet skidding crashes. Highway agencies have recognized this fact since the 1920s (Moyer, 1959). The
41、 probability of wet skidding crashes is reduced when friction between a vehicle tire and pavement is high.Skid-related crashes are determined by many factors, wet pavement friction being only one of them. Other factors, such as road geometry, traffic characteristics, vehicle speed, driver action, an
42、d weather conditions, must be considered together with friction data when evaluating the safety of a particular section of roadway.The Guide for Pavement Friction, Guidelines for Skid-Resistant Pavement Design, published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASH
43、TO) in 1976, recommended pavement specifications that would yield the desired frictional properties upon completion of construction and that would maintain adequate long-term friction. This guide discussed the importance of aggregate selection and mixture design for both asphalt- and concrete-surfac
44、ed pavements, and the role of micro-texture and macro-texture in pavement surface friction.Although much research has been conducted on pavement surface characteristics and pavementtire interactions since development of the 1976 guide, the available information is somewhat fragmented and has not bee
45、n integrated into a comprehensive, systematic approach for identifying friction needs and determining the optimum pavement strategy. Exacerbating the problem are the changes that have taken place with time, including changes in pavement construction materials and mixture design properties, construct
46、ion procedures and standards, vehicle and tire characteristics, traffic loading, and friction-testing methods and equipment.Continued introduction of new materials and technologies, coupled with the increasing focus on the needs of the highway user (safer and more comfortable roads), has placed even
47、 greater demands on highway engineers to design and build longer-lasting, cost-effective pavements. This Guide for Pavement Friction should help highway engineers accomplish such a task. 2008 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication i
48、s a violation of applicable law.2Guide for Pavement friction1.2 Purpose and Scope of GuideThis Guide for Pavement Friction was prepared under NCHRP Project 1-43 to provide highway pavement practitioners with guidance in designing, constructing, and managing pavement surfacesas part of both new and r
49、ehabilitation projectsthat meet the publics demand for safe friction levels, while recognizing and considering the effects of noise generation and other pavementtire interaction issues (e.g., splash and spray, tire wear).The guide contains recommendations and tools for upper-level administrators and policy-makers, as well as front-line pavement designers and managers. These recommendations are intended to supplement but not replace an agencys normal structural and/or mix design practices. The guide covers the following topics:Characteristics of pavement m
