1、- - - - “-AASHTO TITLE HWPD-L 90 = Ob39804 0009509 269 mr c L .-. . Hazardous Waste Guide for Project Devel op ment February 1990 Prepared by the AASHTO Special Committee on Environment, Archaeology and Historical Preservation Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
2、 Officials .F r AASHTO TITLE HWPD-L 90 m Ob39804 00095LO T8O m Hazardous Waste Guide for Project Development February 1990 Prepared by the AASHTO Special Committee on Environment, Archaeology and Historical Preservation Copyright 1990 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation O
3、fficials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W. Suite 225 Was
4、hington, D.C. 20001 (202) 624-5800 AASHTO TITLE HWPD-L 90 W 0637804 00095LL 917 W American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Executive Cornmittee 1990 President: Kermit Justice, Delaware Vice President Hal Rives, Georgia Secretaryflreasurer: Clyde E. Pyers, Maryland Immediate
5、 Past President James P. Pitz, Michigan Elected Regional Members Region I Howard Yerusalim, Pennsylvania Dana Conors, Maine Region II John R. Tabb, Mississippi Neil Wagoner, Louisiana Region 111 Darre1 Rensink, Iowa Bernard Hurst, Ohio Region IV Eugene Findlay, Utah Garth F. Dull, Nevada Chairperson
6、s of Standing Committees Duane Berentson, Washington, Standing Committee on Administration Frederick P. Salvucci, Massachusetts, Standing Committeeon Planning James P. Pitz, Michigan, Standing Committee on Highways Ronald R. Fiedler, Wisconsin, Standing Committee on Highway Traffic Safety Franklin E
7、. White, New York, Standing Committee on Water Transportation Ben G. Watts, Florida, Standing Committee on Aviation Ray D. Pethtel, Virginia, Standing Committee on Public Transportation Horace B. Edwards, Kansas, Standing Committee on Rail Transportation Robert N. Bothman, Oregon, Standing Committee
8、 on Research Arthur J. Rock, Jr., Vermont, Special Committee on Commissioners and Boards . Ex Officio Members Past President; John R. Tabb, Mississippi Secretary of Transportation: Samuel K. Skinner Executive Director; Francis B. Francois - AASHTO TITLE HWPD-II 90 = 0639804 0009512 853 Intro du ct i
9、o n The presence of a hazardous waste at the site of a proposed project can lead to substantial project delays and increased project costs, particularly if the waste goes undetected until the project is under construction. Such materials that may constitute a hazardous waste include pesticides, orga
10、nic compounds, heavy metals, and other compounds injurious to human health and the environment. This guideline is for those projects where it is unknown whether or not a hazardous - waste potential exists. This guideline lays out steps to determine if there is hazardous waste present and what tasks
11、are involved if there is one present. These steps can be used for new projects where the project decision has not been made as well as for projects where right of way has already been acquired. Where these hazardous waste tasks occur in the steps in the project development process are shown in Figur
12、e 1, and the specific steps in the hazardous waste process are shown in Figure 2. Initial Site Assessment The earlier a hazardous waste site is discovered, the more options there are to avoid, or to at least minimize, involvement. As early as possible in the project development phase, an Initial Sit
13、e Assessment (ISA) should be done to identify any known or potential waste site within the project limits. Generally, every project which includes the purchase of new right of way, excavation, or structure demolition or modification, will require at least an ISA to determine if there is any known or
14、 potential hazardous waste within the proposed project limits. Projects such as work within the existing right of way when there is no substantial change to the cross section, grade, or utilities involved generally do not have a hazardous waste potential and require no further screening. The ISA is
15、essentially a stepped procedure. The first step is to use a check list (shown in Figure 3) to determine the potential for hazardous waste at a project site. A field inspection of present land uses is done. How the land is being used may indicate the potential for contaminated soils, as well as the p
16、resence of sumps, underground tanks, or steel drums. Especially suspect are landfills, dumps, service stations, paint companies, machine shops, metal processing plants, chemical manufacturing facilities, electronic facilities, dry cleaning establishments, and other similar uses. I AASHTO TITLE HWPD-
17、1i 90 m Ob39804 0007553 7T m v I Envlronmental Document Design I I Construction HW.Screening Initil Site Assessment Preliminary Site Investigation Detailed Site Investigation Hazardous Waste Management Plan Clean-p Contingency Plan for Unknown Wastes 2 AASHTO TITLE HWPD-1 90 Ob39804 0009534 626 = Fi
18、GURE 2 STEPS IN HAZARDOUS WAS moas - Site Cleanup i I V yes r hutid Site Ascessrnent v yes - v yes Draft Environmental Document -I Q- - V yes I no I Detailed Site Investigation Hazardous Waste Management Ph v ho ject Construction 3 no no no il0 -+ . No HW patenaifnvoivenient AASHTO TITLE HWPD-B 90 0
19、639804 0009515 5b2 FiGURE 3 INITIAL SIT ASSZSSMLV (ISM CHECKLIST i Praject information cistrict county Route Posde Deaipion 4. Any known hazardous mte sites in vicinity7 (Jfya, identify ils: comments: Conducted . 4 AASHTO TITLE HWPD-3 70 W Ob37804 0007536 4T7 W Second, the field inspection may show
20、the need for a record search for past land uses as well as for any regulatory agency activity. Causes for a search may be that the field inspection indicated suspect present land uses or that there may have been earlier land uses that should be researched (often indicated by the type of existing str
21、ucture or the presence of an empty or cleared lot). The researcher should check records which indicate past land uses such as land titles, business licenses, site plans, insurance records, fire hazard maps, underground tank permits, tank abandonment permits, present and past aerial photography, and
22、identify key personnel associated with the site who may have information concerning activities involving hazardous waste or materials. The researcher should also contact Federal, State, and local environmental and health regulatory agencies to examine lists of known contaminated sites and to obtain
23、information on permits and enforcement actions. If the field inspection and the record search do not reveal any hazardous waste potential, the project is assumed cleared. Otherwise, the results should be reporfed in, the draft environmental document. P rei i m i nary Si te Invest ig at i on For thos
24、e projects that the ISA reveals known or potential hazardous waste used or sites, a Preliminary Site Investigation (PSI) should be conducted. The PSI verifies the potential findings of the ISA and examines the site for further information about its condition. If hazardous wastes are found, an estima
25、te of the extent of contamination and the cost to remediate should be presented in the PSI. Permission is needed from the site owner and/or tenant to enter the site to perform the site investigation. This permission is usually in the form of a Right of Entry. The site owner must understand that the
26、site investigation does not commit the agency to any obligations to the owner. If the owner will not grant permission to enter and investigate the property, the agency will need to use the authority it has to enter and survey private lands or secure entry through regulatory agencies. Due to the pote
27、ntial risks involved, a PSI is made by trained hazardous waste professionals. Site investigation guidelines are available from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The investigation should include topographic setting, underlying geology, surface and ground water flow, building and utility layo
28、uts, and the condition of all structures above and below the ground (including underground tanks). Some field sampling should be included to identify site characteristics such as soil discolorations, liquid discharges, odors, abnormalities in vegetation, and extensive filling and regrading of the la
29、nd. It should locate buried objects in the ground such as pipes, drums and 5 AASHTO TITLE HWPD-II 90 W Ob39OL1 00095II7 335 tanks. From the information developed by the PSI an estimate of the extent of contamination and a determination of the impact on a project alternative can be made. An estimate
30、of the cost to remediate the site can also be made. The PSI should be completed before the circulation of the projects final environmental document, and the results of the investigation should be in the final document. Project ecision If a proposed transportation project alternative will have an imp
31、act on a known hazardous waste site, there are options to avoid involvement. One option is to choose another alternative. Another is to redesign the selected project alternative to avoid the hazardous waste site. A third option is to notify the appropriate regulatory agency and ask them-to notify th
32、e owner or operator of the site of the presence of the contamination and of the owners obligation to mitigate it. Under law, the property owner, or other potentially responsible party, must characterize the hazardous waste site and, where appropriate, perform remedial actions to control, contain, tr
33、eat, or dispose of the hazardous material. Whether the property owner moves to remediate before right-of-way acquisition or not, notification by the regulatory agency of the owners liability for site investigation and clean-up establishes a record whereby the purchase price can reflect the financial
34、 obligations which run with the property and with the responsible party. if the decision is made to proceed with the project and clean-up is not done by the responsible party, the clean-up cost may be considered in determining the value of the property . Detailed Site Investigation If the selected p
35、roject alternative does contain a hazardous waste site and the site has not been cleaned up prior to acquisition, a Detailed Site Investigation (DSI) is required to characterize the site. The DSI is a comprehensive investigation of the site to determine the characteristics and the extent of the cont
36、aminants. Also investigated is the most cost-effective method of remediation which protects public health and the environment under both Federal and State standards as appropriate. 6 AASHTO TITLE HWPD-3 90 = Ob39804 0009538 273 Some preliminary remedial actions for health and safety such as fencing
37、the area and posting warning signs, removing and covering toxic wastes, or installing on-site monitoring systems may have to be undertaken. The DSI involves the use of trained hazardous waste professionals and should be fully coordinated with the appropriate regulatory agencies. These agencies may i
38、nclude the Environmental Protection Agency, State and regional environmental protection agencies, State and local health agencies, and State and regional water and air quality agencies. This agency contact will allow the project schedule to mesh with regulatory agency procedural requirements. It wil
39、l also ensure that the methodology of the DSI, such as field sampling and testing, meets all regulatory requirements. For project scheduling purposes a considerable length of time (perhaps a year or longer) should be allowed to complete this phase of the work. The site investigation will characteriz
40、e the type of waste deposited and its limits (length, width, and depth). Monitoring wells may be needed to sample ground water for a range of contaminants. from the informatjon on the severity of the impact, the feasibility of the clean-up, and the clean-up costs can be determined. Clean-up actions
41、are costly and time consuming. In cases where severe contamination has occurred, long-term treatment and monitoring may be required by reg u I at o ry agencies. Hazardous Waste Management Plan The Hazardous Waste Management (HWM) Plan is a strategy for remedial action for the site. The elements of t
42、he HWM Plan are (1) the DSI, (2) environmental fate/risk assessment, (3) feasibility study of the alternatives for remedial action, and (4) the remedial action plan. The environmental fate/nsk assessment determines where the contaminants are (such as air, surface soils, run-off waters, subsurface so
43、ils, and ground water) and whether the contaminants are mobile. The assessment evaluates the effects of present and long-term exposure to contaminants on people or the environment. For example, a sample of ground water used for domestic purposes shows contamination with benzene compounds from fuel p
44、roducts. The assessment reveals that the fuel product is leaking from an underground storage tank through the underlying soil stratum and into the ground water, where it is transported to the drinking water well. The high health risk associated with benzene would show the need to mitigate the exposu
45、re. 7 AASHTO TITLE HWPD-5 90 Ob39O4 OOQ559 508 D A feasibility study of the alternatives for remedial action shows the cost effectiveness of solutions that would reduce exposure and hence risks. Remedial action alternatives might include physical systems, such as barriers, vapor extraction, and sour
46、ce control: chemical treatments such as stabilization, fixation, and oxidization; biological treatments such as microbial biodegradation, bioenhancement, and land farming; and thermal treatment including rotary kilns, infrared and near infrared, catalytic oxidation, and pyrolysis. The remedial actio
47、n plan incorporates all the elements of the investigation and the environmental fatekick assessment into a selected mitigation alternative showing how the hazardous waste problem is to be solved. Health and safety, community relations, environmental risk, and a full description of the proposed mitig
48、ation option is included in the remedial action plan. The HWM Plan is developed in full cooperation with the appropriate regulatory agencies and may be adopted by these agencies as the site remedial action plan. Later Activities For the right-of-way clearance phase of the project, there are material
49、s and equipment that should be identified ahead of actual clearance activities so that they do not have the potential to cause problems during clearance or demolition. These are asbestos insulation and siding, electrical transformers, and light ballasts. If the remedial action plan calls for remediation or mitigation of the hazardous waste, this should be done under separate contract. The work should be completed before the award of the project construction contract. Clean-up contracts require the use of hazardous waste specialists who know how to safely handle and remo
