1、2017LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications4th EditionAASHTO Publication Code: LRFDCONS-4ISBN: 978-1-56051-666-8American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org C
2、over photos: Top: Erection of the basket handle steel arch of the Edna M. Griffin pedestrian bridge over I-235 in downtown Des Moines, Iowa, during an overnight closure, July 3rd, 2003. Photo provided by Iowa DOT. Bottom: Utah South Layton Span 1 over I-15, in Layton, Utah, August 8, 2010. Photo pro
3、vided by the Utah DOT. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. ISBN: 978-1-56051-666-8 Pub Code: LRFDCONS-4 iii AASHTO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20162017 Voting Members OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: David Ber
4、nhardt, Maine* VICE PRESIDENT: John Schroer, Tennessee* SECRETARY-TREASURER: Carlos Braceras, Utah EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Bud Wright, Washington, D. C. REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES: REGION I: Leslie Richards, Pennsylvania Pete Rahn, Maryland REGION II: Charles Kilpatrick, Virginia James Bass, Texas REGION
5、III: Randall S. Blankenhorn, Illinois Patrick McKenna, Missouri REGION IV: Carlos Braceras, Utah Mike Tooley, Montana *Elected at the 2016 Annual Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts Non-Voting Members: Immediate Past President: Vacant Executive Director: Bud Wright, Washington, DC 2017 by the American
6、Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iv HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES, 2016 GREGG FREDRICK, Chair BRUCE V. JOHNSON, Vice Chair JOSEPH L. HARTMANN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary PATRIC
7、IA J. BUSH, AASHTO Liaison ALABAMA, Eric J. Christie, William “Tim” Colquett, Randall B. Mullins ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, David B. Benton, David L. Eberhart, Pe-Shen Yang ARKANSAS, Charles “Rick” Ellis CALIFORNIA, Susan Hida, Thomas A. Ostrom, Dolores Valls COLORADO, Behrooz Far, Stephen Ha
8、relson, Jessica Martinez CONNECTICUT, Timothy D. Fields DELAWARE, Barry A. Benton, Jason Hastings DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Donald L. Cooney, Konjit C. “Connie” Eskender, Richard Kenney FLORIDA, Sam Fallaha, Dennis William Potter, Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Bill DuVall, Steve Gaston HAWAII, James Fu IDAHO,
9、 Matthew Farrar ILLINOIS, Tim A. Armbrecht, Carl Puzey INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Ahmad Abu-Hawash, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Mark E. Hoppe, John P. Jones KENTUCKY, Mark Hite, Marvin Wolfe LOUISIANA, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier, Zhengzheng “Jenny” Fu MAINE, Jeffrey S. Folsom, Wayne Frankhauser
10、, Michael Wight MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Jeffrey L. Robert, Gregory Scott Roby MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow, Thomas Donald, Joseph Rigney MICHIGAN, Matthew Jack Chynoweth, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Arielle Ehrlich, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Austin Banks, Justin Walker, Scott Westerfield M
11、ISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Scott Stotlemeyer MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes, David F. Johnson NEBRASKA, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber, Mark J. Traynowicz NEVADA, Troy Martin, Jessen Mortensen NEW HAMPSHIRE, David L. Scott, Peter Stamnas NEW JERSEY, Xiaohua “Hannah” Cheng, Nagnath “Nat” Kasbekar, Eli D. Lambert NE
12、W MEXICO, Ted L. Barber, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jeff C. Vigil NEW YORK, Wahid Albert, Richard Marchione NORTH CAROLINA, Brian Hanks, Scott Hidden, Thomas Koch NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Alexander B.C. Dettloff, Timothy J. Keller OKLAHOMA, Steven Jacobi, Walter Peters OREGON, Bruce V. Johns
13、on, Tanarat Potisuk, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, James M. Long,Thomas P. Macioce, Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, Georgette Chahine SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Terry B. Koon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Steve Johnson TENNESSEE, John S. Hastings, Wayne J. Seger TEXAS,Bernie Carrasc
14、o, Jamie F. Farris, Gregg A. Freeby U.S. DOT, Joseph L. Hartmann UTAH, Carmen Swanwick, Cheryl Hersh Simmons, Joshua Sletten VERMONT, James LaCroix, Wayne B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Kendal R. Walus 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All r
15、ights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.v WASHINGTON, Tony M. Allen, Thomas E. Baker, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Ahmed Mongi, Billy Varney WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, William C. Dreher, William Olivia WYOMING, Paul G. Cortez, Gregg C. Frederick, Michael E. Menghini GOLDEN GATE BR
16、IDGE, HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT, Kary H. Witt MDTA, Dan Williams N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, Jeffrey Wright PENN. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Phillip W. Sauser, Christopher H. Westbrook
17、 U.S. COAST GUARD, Kamal Elnahal U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE, John R. Kattell KOREA, Eui-Joon Lee, Sang-Soon Lee SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD, Waseem Dekelbab 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserv
18、ed. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Fourth Edition, co
19、ntains the following 33 sections: 1. Structure Excavation and Backfill 2. Removal of Existing Structures 3. Temporary Works 4. Driven Foundation Piles 5. Drilled Shafts 6. Ground Anchors 7. Earth-Retaining Systems 8. Concrete Structures 9. Reinforcing Steel 10. Prestressing 11. Steel Structures 12.
20、Steel Grid Flooring 13. Painting 14. Stone Masonry 15. Concrete Block and Brick Masonry 16. Timber Structures 17. Preservative Treatment of Wood 18. Bearing Devices 19. Bridge Deck Joint Seals 20. Railings 21. Waterproofing 22. Slope Protection 23. Miscellaneous Metal 24. Pneumatically Applied Morta
21、r 25. Steel and Concrete Tunnel Liners 26. Metal Culverts 27. Concrete Culverts 28. Wearing Surfaces 29. Embedment Anchors 30. Thermoplastic Culverts 31. Aluminum Structures 32. Shock Transmission Units 33. Micropiles 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Al
22、l rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ix FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard to design and construct bridge
23、s in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of the automobile and the establishment of highway departments in all of the American states dating back to just before the turn of the century, the
24、 design, construction, and maintenance of most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these departments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was natural, therefore, that these engineers, acting collectively as the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridges and St
25、ructures, would become the author and guardian of this first bridge standard. This first publication was entitled Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures. It quickly became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state highway d
26、epartments but also other bridge-owning authorities and agencies in the United States and abroad. The title was soon revised to Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and new editions were released about every four years. AASHTO released the 17th and final edition in 2002. The body of knowledge
27、 related to the design of highway bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and continues to do so. Theory and practice have evolved greatly, reflecting advances through research in understanding the properties of materials, in improved materials, in more rational and accurate analysis of structural b
28、ehavior, in the advent of computers and rapidly advancing computer technology, in the study of external events representing particular hazards to bridges such as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has accelerated in recent years. In 1986, th
29、e Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to assess U.S. bridge design specifications, to review foreign design specifications and codes, to consider design philosophies alternative to those underlying the Standard Specifications, and to render recommendations b
30、ased on these investigations. This work was accomplished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), an applied research program directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research and administered on behalf of AASHTO by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The work was co
31、mpleted in 1987, and, as might be expected with continuing research, the Standard Specifications were found to have discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the specification did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load-and-resis
32、tance factor design (LRFD), a philosophy which has been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other parts of the world such as Canada and Europe. From its inception until the early 1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within the Standard Specifications was one known as
33、 working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or percentage of a given materials load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed those allowable stresses. Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD was adjusted to reflect the variable predictab
34、ility of certain load types, such as vehicular loads and wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philosophy referred to as load factor design (LFD). A further philosophical extension considers the variability in the properties of structural elements, in similar fashion to load variab
35、ilities. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philosophy of LRFD takes variability in the behavior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of statistical methods, but sets forth the results in a manner readily usable by bridge design
36、ers and analysts. With this edition, the fourth, of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Interim Specifications will no longer be issued. Instead, changes balloted and approved by at least two-thirds of the members of the Subcommittee will be published in the next full edition of the
37、Specifications, to be published on a three-year cycle. AASHTO members include the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transportation is a non-voting member. Orders for Specifications may be placed
38、 by visiting our website, bookstore.transportation.org, or by calling 1-800-231-3475 (toll free within the U.S. and Canada). A free copy of the current publication catalog can be downloaded from our website or requested from the Publications Sales Office. The Subcommittee would also like to thank Mr
39、. John M. Kulicki, Ph.D., and his associates at Modjeski and Masters for their valuable assistance in the preparation of these LRFD Specifications. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.x AASH
40、TO encourages suggestions to improve these specifications. They should be sent to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001. Inquiries as to intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same addr
41、ess. AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures August 2017 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.xi PREFACE Units The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Fourth Editio
42、n, uses U.S. Customary units only. Per a decision by the subcommittee in 2009, SI units will no longer be included in this edition or future interims. References If a standard is available as a stand-alone publicationfor example, the ACI standardsthe title is italicized in the text and listed in the
43、 references. If a standard is available as part of a larger publicationfor example, the AASHTO materials specificationsthe standards title is not italicized and the larger publicationin this case, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testingis listed in th
44、e references. Unit Abbreviations Most of the abbreviations commonly used in LRFD Construction are listed below. Also, please note the following: Abbreviations for singular and plural are the same. Most units of time have one-letter abbreviations. Unit abbreviations are always set in roman type, whil
45、e variables and factors are set in italic type. Thus, “2 h” is the abbreviation for “two hours.” Table i Frequently-Used Unit Abbreviations Unit Abbreviation cubic foot ft3 cubic inch in.3 cubic yard yd3 degrees Fahrenheit F foot ft foot-kip ft-kip foot per hour ft/h foot per minute ft/min foot per
46、second ft/s foot pound ft lb foot pound-force ft lbf foot second ft s gallon gal hour h Hertz Hz inch in. joule J kilonewton kN kilopascal kPa kip per foot kip/ft kip per square inch ksi kip per square foot kip/ft2 megapascal MPa microinch in micron m mile mi minute min (min. for “minimum”) 2017 by
47、the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.x Table i (continued)Frequently -Used Unit Abbreviations Unit Abbreviation newton N newton meter N m newton per meter N/m ounce oz pascal Pa pascal second Pa s po
48、und lb pound-force lbf pound-force foot lbf ft pound-force inch lbf in. pound-force per foot lbf/ft pound-force per inch lbf/in. pound-force per pound lbf/lb pound-force per square foot psf pound-force per square inch psi pound per cubic foot lb/ft3pound per cubic inch lb/in.3pound per cubic yard lb
49、/yd3pound per foot lb/ft pound per inch lb/in. pound per hour lb/h pound per square foot lb/ft2pound per yard lb/yd radian rad radian per second rad/s quart qt second s square inch in.2square foot ft2square mile mi2square yard yd2year yr Note: There are no abbreviations for day, degree (angle), kip, mil, or ton. AASHTO Publications Staff August 2017 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.xi CHANGED AND DELETED ARTICLES, 2016 AND 201
