1、Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use AASHTO Designation: M 102M/M 102-06 (2016) Release: Group 2 (June 2016) ASTM Designation: A668/A668M-04 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249
2、Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4f M 102M/M 102-1 AASHTO Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use AASHTO Designation: M 102M/M 102-06 (2016) Release: Group 2 (June 2016) ASTM Designation: A668/A668M-04 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers untreated and hea
3、t-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements. 1.2. Hot-rolled or cold-finished
4、bars are not within the scope of this specification. 1.3. Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (Section 7), which indicates their required heat treatments as well as mechanical properties. 1.4. Provision, with the suffix “H” for certification and marking,
5、for the supply of forgings after hardness testing only. 1.5. Supplementary requirements, including those in ASTM A788, of an optional nature, are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser. 1.6. Appendix X1 lists the current classes corresponding to the various classes of ASTM
6、A235, A237, and A243, which have been superseded by this specification. 1.7. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard; within the text and tables, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exactl
7、y equivalent; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standard: T 244, Mechanical Testing of Steel Products 2.2. ASTM Standards: A275/A275M, Standard
8、 Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings A388/A388M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings A788/A788M, Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements E381, Standard Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings 20
9、16 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4f M 102M/M 102-2 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. The terminology section of ASTM A788 is applicable to this specification. 3.2. Definition of Terms Specific
10、to This Standard: 3.2.1. hollow cylindrical forginga forging the length of which, as measured on its longitudinal axis, is more than its diameter shall be considered as a hollow cylinder within the scope of this specification if it has been lengthened by extrusion or forged in a manner similar to th
11、at of a ring; namely, expanded in diameter on a mandrel. 3.2.2. ring-shaped or disk-shaped forginga forging the length of which, as measured on its longitudinal axis, is less than its diameter or main transverse dimension is considered a ring or disk within the meaning of this specification. 4. ORDE
12、RING INFORMATION 4.1. Material supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A788, which outlines additional ordering information, manufacturing requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures, marking, certification, product analysis variations, and additional
13、supplementary requirements. 4.1.1. If the requirements of this specification are in conflict with the requirements of ASTM A788, the requirements of this specification shall prevail. 4.2. When this specification is to be applied to an inquiry, contract, or order, the purchaser shall furnish the foll
14、owing information: 4.2.1. The ordering information required by ASTM A788; 4.2.2. The class of forging desired as listed in Table 1; 4.2.3. Location(s) of areas of significant loading if test specimens are to be located in accordance with Section 7.1.4.5; 4.2.4. The options that may be selected as fo
15、und in Sections 5.3.2 and 7.3. 4.2.5. Any applicable supplementary requirements. 5. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE 5.1. DiscardSufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation. 5.2. Forging Process: 5.2.1. The forging shall be brought as close as practi
16、cal to finished shape and size by hot mechanical work. 5.2.2. Supplementary requirements S2, S13, and S14 may be specified by the purchaser to satisfy concerns about the utility of the proposed forging. 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserv
17、ed. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4f M 102M/M 102-3 AASHTO 5.3. Heat Treatment: 5.3.1. All forgings, other than Class A, shall be heat treated. See Section 7. 5.3.2. Where options exist within a class, the choice of heat treatment shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer
18、, unless the purchaser specifies one of the available options. 6. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 6.1. The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Table 1Chemical Requirements Elements Composition, Max, % Classes A to F and AH to FH Classes G to N and GH to NH Ma
19、nganese 1.35 Phosphorus 0.050 0.040 Sulfur 0.050 0.040 6.2. The choice of chemical composition is left to the discretion of the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. 6.3. Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer. 6.4. Product AnalysisAn analysis ma
20、y be made by the purchaser according to the requirements of ASTM A788. If a standard grade has been used to manufacture the forging, the permissible variations in composition of ASTM A788 shall apply. If a nonstandard grade of steel has been used, and composition limits have not been supplied, the p
21、roduct analysis can be used only to confirm the type of steel supplied. 7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 7.1. Tensile Requirements: 7.1.1. The material shall conform to the tensile properties prescribed in Table 2. 7.1.2. Size ClassificationThe dimensions of the forging at time of heat treatment determine t
22、he size classification. (See Table 2.) 7.1.2.1. Solid ForgingsEither the as-forged or rough-machined diameter or thickness of solid forgings, disregarding large ends, collars, flanges, and journals at time of heat treatment shall determine the size classification. 7.1.2.2. Ring or Hollow Cylinder Fo
23、rgingThe size classification shall be determined by its wall thickness or width, whichever is the smaller dimension of either the as-forged or rough-machined forging at time of heat treatment. 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplic
24、ation is a violation of applicable law.TS-4f M 102M/M 102-4 AASHTO Table 2Tensile Requirements Class Size, mm in. Tensile Strength, Min Yield Point, Yield Strength 0.2% Offset, Min Elongation in 50 mm 2 in., Min Reduction of Area, Min Brinell Over Not Over MPa psi MPa psi % % Hardness Carbon Steel A
25、 (AH) (untreated) 510 20 324 47,000 414 60,000 183 max B (BH) (Annealed or normalized, or normalized and tempered) 510 20 414 60,000 207 30,000 24 36 120174 C (CH) (Annealed or normalized, or normalized and tempered) 305 12 305 12 510 20 455 66,000 455 66,000 227 33,000 227 33,000 23 22 36 34 137183
26、 137183 D (DH) (Normalized, annealed, or normalized and tempered) 205 8 205 8 305 12 517 75,000 517 75,000 259 37,500 259 37,500 24 22 40 35 149207 149207 305 12 510 20 510 20 517 75,000 517 75,000 259 37,500 259 37,500 20 19 32 30 149207 149207 E (EH) (Normalized and tempered or double normalized a
27、nd tempered) 205 8 305 12 205 8 305 12 510 20 586 85,000 572 83,000 573 83,000 303 44,000 296 43,000 296 43,000 25 23 22 40 37 35 174217 174217 174217 F (FH) (Quenched and tempered or normalized, quenched, and tempered) 100 4 100 4 180 7 621 90,000 586 85,000 379 55,000 345 50,000 20 20 39 39 187235
28、 174217 180 7 255 10 255 10 510 20 586 85,000 565 82,000 345 50,000 331 48,000 19 19 37 36 174217 174217 Alloy Steel G (GH) (Annealed or normalized or normalized and tempered) 305 12 305 12 510 20 552 80,000 552 80,000 345 50,000 345 50,000 24 22 40 38 163207 163207 H (HH) (Normalized and tempered)
29、180 7 254 10 180 7 255 10 508 20 621 90,000 621 90,000 620 90,000 414 60,000 400 58,000 400 58,000 22 21 18 44 42 40 187235 187235 187235 J (JH) (Normalized and tempered or normalized, quenched, and tempered) 180 7 254 10 180 7 255 10 508 20 655 95,000 621 90,000 620 90,000 483 70,000 448 65,000 450
30、 65,000 20 20 18 50 50 48 197255 187235 207255 K (KH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) 180 7 254 10 180 7 255 10 508 20 724 105,000 689 100,000 690 100,000 552 80,000 517 75,000 515 75,000 20 19 18 50 50 48 212269 207269 207269 L (LH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) 100 4 180 7 254 10 100 4
31、 180 7 255 10 508 20 862 125,000 793 115,000 758 110,000 760 110,000 724 105,000 655 95,000 586 85,000 585 85,000 16 16 16 14 50 45 45 40 255321 235302 223293 223293 M (MH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) 100 4 180 7 254 10 100 4 180 7 255 10 508 20 1000 145,000 965 140,000 931 135,000 930 135,
32、000 827 120,000 793 115,000 758 110,000 758 110,000 15 14 13 12 45 40 40 38 293352 285341 269331 269341 N (NH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) 100 4 180 7 254 10 100 4 180 7 255 10 508 20 1172 170,000 1138 165,000 1103 160,000 1105 160,000 965 140,000 931 135,000 896 130,000 905 130,000 13 12 1
33、1 11 45 35 35 35 331401 331401 321388 321402 7.1.3. Number of TestsUnless the purchaser specifies that forgings shall be furnished in accordance with the requirements of Section 7.3, the number of tension tests performed shall be as follows: 7.1.3.1. For all classes of heat-treated forgings with rou
34、gh-machined masses less than 2250 kg 5000 lb each, one test shall be made from each size classification represented in each heat in each annealing or normalizing charge or from each size classification in each heat in each normalizing or quenching charge represented in each tempering charge. For unt
35、reated forgings (Class A) with a mass of less than 2250 kg 5000 lb each, one test from each heat shall be made. 7.1.3.2. On all classes, for forgings with rough-machined masses of 2250 kg 5000 lb or more, at least one test from each forging shall be made. 7.1.3.3. On all classes, for forgings with r
36、ough-machined masses of 3200 kg 7000 lb or more, two tests will be taken: on ring and disk forgings 180 degrees apart; on shafts and long hollow cylinders more than 2.0 m 80 in. in length (excluding test material), one from each end and offset 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Tr
37、ansportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4f M 102M/M 102-5 AASHTO 180 degrees. Shaft and cylinder forgings 2.0 m 80 in. or less in length (excluding test material) may have both tests located at one end 180 degrees apart. 7.1.3.4. When forgings are
38、 made in multiple as a single forging, that is, forged as one piece and divided after heat treatment, the multiple forging shall be considered as one forging, and the number of tests required shall be designated in Sections 7.1.3.1, 7.1.3.2, and 7.1.3.3. 7.1.4. Prolongations: 7.1.4.1. A sufficient n
39、umber of the forgings shall have prolongations for extracting specimens for testing. Locations of test specimens for various types of forgings shall be as shown in Figure 1. 7.1.4.2. The nominal or principal outside rough-machine diameter or thickness of the forgings, disregarding large ends, collar
40、s, flanges, and journals shall determine the size of the prolongations for test specimens; however, the prolongations on annealed, normalized, or normalized and tempered shafts may be extensions of the small diameter end of the shaft, as shown in Figure 1. 7.1.4.3. For quenched forgings in Classes F
41、, J, K, L, M, and N, the prolongations shall be sufficiently long so that the center of the gauge length (for longitudinal specimens) or axis (for tangential specimens) of the tension test specimen shall be at the following locations: 1. On solid round forgings, bars, or billets Figure 1(a), at mid-
42、radius and from the end, 90 mm 31/2in. or 1/2the diameter, whichever is less. 2. On solid rectangular forgings, bars, or billets, at 1/4the thickness and the width from the end, 90 mm 31/2in. or 1/4the thickness, whichever is less. 3. On disk forgings Figure 1(c) with prolongation on outside diamete
43、r (OD), at mid-thickness and from the OD 90 mm 31/2in., or 1/2the thickness, whichever is less. 4. On disk forgings Figure 1(c) (with prolongation on the width or thickness), 90 mm 31/2in. or 1/2the thickness, whichever is less, from any heat-treated surface. 5. On ring forgings Figure 1(d) (with pr
44、olongation on width), at mid-wall and from the ring face 90 mm 31/2in. or 1/2the wall thickness, whichever is less. 6. On ring forgings Figure 1(d) (with prolongation on the OD), at mid-width and from the OD 90 mm 31/2in. or 1/2the width, whichever is less. 2016 by the American Association of State
45、Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4f M 102M/M 102-6 AASHTO Figure 1Locations of Test Specimens for Various Types of Forgings Prolongation Tangential TestLongitudinal TestProlongationTangential TestLongitudinal TestProlongationT
46、angential TestLongitudinal TestProlongationTangential TestProlongationTangential TestProlongationTangential TestProlongationTangential Test(d) Ring Forgings(c) Disk Forgings(b) Hollow Forgings(a) Shafts and RotorsQuenched and TemperedClassesF, J, K, L, M, NAnnealed or NormalizedClassesA, B, C, D, E,
47、 G, H 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4f M 102M/M 102-7 AASHTO 7.1.4.4. In place of prolongs, the manufacturer may elect to (1) submit an extra forging(s) to represent each test lot;
48、in this event, the representative forging must be made from the same heat of steel, have received the same reduction and type of hot working, be of the same nominal thickness, and have been heat-treated in the same furnace charge as the forging(s) it represents or (2) obtain the test specimen from the trepanned material of transverse or radial holes, provided depth is equal to or greater than the minimum depth required by Section 7.1.4.3. 7.1.4.5. With prior purchaser app
