1、Standard Specification for Porous Concrete Pipe AASHTO Designation: M 176M/M 176-171Technical Section: 4a, Concrete Drainage Structures Release: Group 2 (June 2017) ASTM Designation: C654M-05a and C654-05 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W
2、., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4a M 176M/M 176-1 AASHTO Standard Specification for Porous Concrete Pipe AASHTO Designation: M 176M/M 176-171Technical Section: 4a, Concrete Drainage Structures Release: Group 2 (June 2017) ASTM Designation: C654M-05a and C654-05 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specificatio
3、n covers porous nonreinforced concrete pipe for use in underdrains. 1.2. This specification is applicable for orders in either SI units (M 176M) or in inch-pound units (M 176). SI units and inch-pound units are not necessarily equivalent. Inch-pound units are shown in brackets in the text for clarit
4、y, but they are the applicable values when the material is ordered to M 176. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 6, Fine Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 80, Coarse Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 85, Portland Cement M 154M/M 154, Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concret
5、e M 157, Ready-Mixed Concrete M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydraulic Cement M 262, Concrete Pipe and Related Products M 295, Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete M 302, Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars T 280, Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile 2.2. ASTM Sta
6、ndards: C989/C989M, Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars C1116/C1116M, Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see M 262. 2017 by the American Association of State Highwa
7、y and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-2 AASHTO 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1. Pipe manufactured according to this specification shall be of two classes identified as Standard-Strength Porous Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe and Extra-S
8、trength Porous Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe. 5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE 5.1. The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by the results of the strength and porosity or rate of infiltration tests, and by inspection to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specification as to design and freedom
9、 from defects. 5.2. The pipes shall be acceptable under the strength tests when they have met the requirements as prescribed in Section 10. 5.3. Acceptance as to Infiltration PropertiesPipe shall be acceptable under the infiltration test when all test pipes conform to the test requirements as prescr
10、ibed in Section 10. 6. MATERIALS 6.1. ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, aggregates, and water. 6.2. Cementitious Materials: 6.2.1. CementCement shall conform to the requirements of M 85 or shall be portland blast-furnace slag cement or slag-modified portland cement meetin
11、g the requirements of M 302, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of M 240M/M 240, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash and shall not exceed 25 percent by weight. 6.2.2. Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of
12、 M 295, Class F or Class C. 6.2.3. Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of grade 100 or 120 of ASTM C989/C989M. 6.2.4. Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one of the fol
13、lowing: 6.2.4.1. Portland cement only, 6.2.4.2. Portland blast-furnace slag cement only, 6.2.4.3. Slag modified portland cement only, 6.2.4.4. Portland-pozzolan cement only, 6.2.4.5. A combination of portland cement and fly ash, 6.2.4.6. A combination of portland cement and ground granulated blast-f
14、urnace slag, or 6.2.4.7. A combination of portland cement, fly ash (not to exceed 25 percent of the total cementitious weight), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 percent of the total cementitious weight). 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation O
15、fficials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-3 AASHTO Note 1The user of this specification is advised that porous pipe may experience leaching detrimental to durability when subjected to drainage of soft or acid waters (less than 50 ppm hardness or le
16、ss than 6.0 pH). Type V portland cement should be specified where high sulfate resistance is required, and Type II or IIA portland cement should be specified where the pipe will be exposed to moderate sulfate conditions. More than 3000 mg/L ppm of chiefly sodium or magnesium sulfates, or both, may b
17、e considered high sulfate content. 6.3. AggregatesAggregates shall conform to M 6 and M 80 except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply. 6.4. Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shall only be used with the approval of the owner. 6.4.1. Air EntrainmentAir-entraining admixtures sha
18、ll conform to AASHTO M 154M/M 154. 6.5. Synthetic FibersPolypropylene fibers are permitted, at the owners option, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements o
19、f ASTM C1116/C1116M shall be accepted. 6.6. WaterMix water shall conform with M 157, Section 4.1.4, with a maximum limit of 0.15 percent chloride. 7. DESIGN 7.1. Design TableDesign requirements shall be in accordance with Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 1. Wall thickness used shall be not less than the va
20、lue shown, except as affected by the tolerance herein specified. Table 1Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Porous Concrete Pipe Internal Designated Diameter, D Minimum Wall Thickness, T Minimum Laying LengthaMinimum Socket Depth, Ls Minimum Strength Three- Edge-Bearing Minimum Infiltration mm
21、in. mm in. mm in. mm in. kN/m lbf/ft (L/s)/m (gal/min)/ft 100 4 25 1 600 24 25 1 14.5 1000 0.8 4 150 6 25 1 600 24 25 1 16.0 1100 1.0 6 200 8 32 11/4 600 24 32 11/419.0 1300 1.5 8 250 10 35 11/8600 24 35 11/820.5 1400 2.0 10 300 12 38 11/2600 24 38 11/222.0 1500 2.5 12 375 15 44 13/4600 24 44 13/425
22、.5 1750 3.0 15 450 18 50 2 600 24 50 2 29.0 2000 3.5 18 525 21 57 21/4600 24 57 21/432.0 2200 4.0 21 600 24 63 21/2600 24 63 21/235.0 2400 4.5 24 aNormally, the minimum laying length is 600 mm 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 450-mm 18-in. length pipe up to 300 mm 12 in. in
23、 diameter shall be acceptable. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-4 AASHTO Table 2Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Extra-Strength Porous Concrete Pipe Internal Des
24、ignated Diameter, D Minimum Wall Thickness, T Minimum Laying LengthaMinimum Socket Depth, Ls Minimum Strength Three- Edge-Bearing Minimum Infiltration mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. kN/m lbf/ft (L/s)/m (gal/min)/ft 150 6 32 11/4600 24 32 11/432.0 2200 1.0 6 200 8 38 11/2600 24 38 11/238.0 2600 1.5 8 25
25、0 10 41 15/8600 24 41 15/841.0 2800 2.0 10 300 12 50 2 600 24 50 2 44.0 3000 2.5 12 375 15 57 21/4600 24 57 21/446.5 3200 3.0 15 450 18 63 21/2600 24 63 21/246.5 3200 3.5 18 a Normally, the minimum laying length is 600 mm 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 450-mm 18-in. lengt
26、h pipe up to 300 mm 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable. Note: See Tables 1 and 2 for values of D, T, and Ls. Figure 1Joint Dimensions 8. JOINTS 8.1. The joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laid together to make a continuous lin
27、e of pipe compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 7. 9. MANUFACTURE 9.1. MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed in a batch mixer with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality
28、 that the pipe will conform to the test and design requirements of this specification. 9.2. CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of the methods of curing described in Sections 9.2.1 through 9.2.3, or to any other method or combination of methods approved by the owner that will 2017 by the Americ
29、an Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-5 AASHTO give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop the specified strength requi
30、rement at 28 days or less. 9.2.1. Steam CuringPipe shall be placed in a curing chamber, free from outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmosphere maintained by the injection of steam for such time and at such temperature as needed to enable the pipe to meet the strength requirements. The curing cham
31、ber shall be constructed as to allow full circulation of steam around the entire pipe. 9.2.2. Water CuringConcrete pipe shall be water cured by covering with water-saturated material or by a system of perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by any other approved method that will kee
32、p the pipe moist during the specified curing period. 9.2.3. The manufacturer has the option to combine the methods described in Sections 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 provided the specified strength is attained. 9.3. Specials: 9.3.1. General RequirementsSpecial shapes or fittings such as wyes, tees, bends, and ad
33、apters for use with concrete pipe conforming to this specification shall be made of porous or nonporous concrete in such manner as will provide strength at least equal to the class of the adjacent pipe to which they are joined, and shall conform to all other requirements specified for pipe of corres
34、ponding class and internal diameter, except minimum infiltration. Joints shall be the same types as used in the adjoining pipe. 9.3.2. Wyes and TeesFabricated branches for wyes and tees shall be securely attached to the wall of the pipe and shall be flush with the inside surface of the pipe. 10. PHY
35、SICAL REQUIREMENTS 10.1. Test SpecimenThe specified number of pipes required for the tests shall be furnished by the manufacturer and shall be selected at random by the owner, and shall be pipe that would not otherwise be rejected under this specification. The selection shall be made at the point or
36、 points designated by the owner when placing the order. The test pipe shall first be freed from all visible moisture. When dry, each pipe shall be measured and inspected. The results of these observations shall be recorded. 10.2. Number and Types of Test SpecimensThe manufacturer shall furnish pipe
37、for crushing tests, up to 0.5 percent of the number of pipes of each size included in the order, except that in no case shall fewer than two pipes be furnished. 10.3. External Load Crushing RequirementsThe crushing strength of porous nonreinforced concrete pipe shall conform to the requirements pres
38、cribed in Tables 1 and 2. The individual results of the various tests for each size of pipe and for each shipment and plant shall be tabulated separately. The crushing strength shall ordinarily be applied to not less than 75 percent of the pipe received for purpose of test. All tests shall be made i
39、n accordance with T 280. Pipe shall be acceptable when all test pipes conform to the specified strength requirement. Should any of the preliminary test pipes provided in Section 10.2 fail to meet the strength requirement, the manufacturer will be allowed to test two pipes for each pipe that failed,
40、and the pipe shall be acceptable only when all of these additional test pipes meet the strength requirement. 10.4. Infiltration RequirementInfiltration (or porosity) shall conform to the requirements in Tables 1 or 2. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All
41、 rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-6 AASHTO 10.4.1. The test pipe shall be placed with a spigot end down on a soft rubber nonpermeable mat, or its equivalent, and weighted or clamped down if necessary to prevent the escape of water through the spigot en
42、d of the pipe. 10.4.2. Water shall be introduced into the pipe, and the distance above the bottom of the porous section at which the water level becomes constant shall be determined. The rate of flow shall be at least equal to the required minimum infiltration for 1 m ft of pipe as given in Tables 1
43、 or 2. 10.4.3. When using metric units, the rate of infiltration per meter of pipe shall be determined as follows: LITERS/s = L/h where: LITERS/s = infiltration rate in liters per second per meter of pipe, L = liters per second of flow introduced into the test pipe, and h = height in meters from the
44、 bottom of the porous section of the pipe at which the level of water becomes constant. When using inch-pound units, the rate of infiltration per foot of pipe shall be determined as follows: GPM = g/h where: GPM = infiltration rate in gallons per minute per foot of pipe, g = gallons per minute of fl
45、ow introduced into the test pipe, and h = height in feet from the bottom of the porous section of the pipe at which the level of water becomes constant. 10.5. Test EquipmentThe manufacturer shall furnish all equipment, facilities, and personnel necessary to perform at his plant the tests specified i
46、n Section 10. In the event that the owner elects to have tests performed at any other location, the manufacturer will not be required to furnish equipment, facilities, or personnel. 11. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 11.1. Size and DimensionsPipe shall be furnished in the sizes, internal diameters, and dime
47、nsions prescribed in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figure 1. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-7 AASHTO Table 3Permissible Variations in Dimensions of Porous Concrete Pipe Inte
48、rnal Designated Diameter Internal DiameteraLength, Two Opposite Sides Wall ThicknessaLengthaDepth of Socketamm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm/m in./ft mm in. 100 4 3 1/82 1/166 1/420 1/43 1/8150 6 3 1/82 1/166 1/420 1/43 1/8200 8 6 1/42 1/168 5/1620 1/46 1/4250 10 6 1/42 1/1610 3/820 1/46 1/4300 12 6 1
49、/42 1/1610 3/820 1/46 1/4375 15 6 1/42 3/3211 7/1620 1/46 1/4450 18 6 1/42 3/3213 1/220 1/46 1/4525 21 6 1/43 1/814 9/1620 1/46 1/4600 24 6 1/43 1/814 9/1631 3/86 1/4aThe minus sign () indicates that the plus variation is not limited; the plus and minus sign () indicates variation in both excess and deficiency in dimension. 11.1.1. Permissible variations from the dimensions described in Tables 1 and 2 shall not exceed those stated in Tab
