1、Standard Specification for Class PS46 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe AASHTO Designation: M 278-15 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4b M 278-1 AASHTO Standard Specification for Class PS46 Poly(Vinyl
2、Chloride) (PVC) Pipe AASHTO Designation: M 278-15 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers the requirements and methods of test for smooth-wall perforated and unperforated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe, couplings, and fittings for use in subsurface drainage and surface drainage (culverts) o
3、f transportation facilities, where soil support is given to its flexible walls in all applications. It includes provisions for solid wall and solid wall coextruded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe. Solid wall coextruded pipe has three layers including a center layer and concentric inner and o
4、uter layers. The inner and outer layers are made of virgin or reworked PVC compound and the center layer has external recycled PVC content. 1.1.1. Nominal sizes of 100 to 375 mm in a stiffness class designated as PS46 are included. 1.1.2. Materials, dimensions, flattening, impact resistance, pipe st
5、iffness, extrusion quality, joining systems, perforations, and form of marking are specified. 1.2. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
6、 with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 294, Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm (12- t
7、o 60-in.) Diameter R 16, Regulatory Information for Chemicals Used in AASHTO Tests 2.2. ASTM Standards: D618, Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing D883, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics D1598, Standard Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Interna
8、l Pressure D1784, Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds D2122, Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings D2152, Standard Test Method for Adequacy of Fusion of Extruded Poly(
9、Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Molded Fittings by Acetone Immersion D2321, Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications D2412, Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel
10、-Plate Loading 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 278-2 AASHTO D2444, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a
11、 Tup (Falling Weight) D2564, Standard Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems D2837, Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products D2855, Standard P
12、ractice for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings D3034, Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings D3212, Standard Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals F402,
13、 Standard Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings F412, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems F477, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Gene
14、ralthe nomenclature used in this specification is in accordance with the definitions given in Definitions ASTM D883 and Definitions ASTM F412, unless otherwise specified. The abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride is PVC. 3.2. delaminationthe separation of the layers of PVC in a multilayer pipe. 3.3. r
15、eworked PVCclean, regrind PVC taken from the manufacturers own production facility excluding multilayer pipe. 3.4. external recycled PVCindustrial rework material generated from a manufacturer manufacturing product to a standard other than this standard and used by the manufacturer manufacturing to
16、this standard for the center layer of solid wall coextruded pipe. 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1. The smooth-wall PVC pipe covered by this specification is classified as follows: 4.1.1. Type SThis pipe shall have a full circular cross section and solid wall constructed of virgin or reworked PVC compound comp
17、lying with cell classification 12454 or 12364. 4.1.1.1. Type SPThis pipe shall be Type S with perforations. 4.1.2. Type MThis pipe shall have a full circular cross section and multilayer walls (middle wall of external recycled PVC and outer walls of virgin or reworked PVC). The inner and outer walls
18、 shall comply with cell classification 12454 or 12364. The center wall shall comply with cell classification 12224. 4.1.2.1. Type MPThis pipe shall be Type M with perforations. 4.2. Perforations are described in Section 8.2.5. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi
19、cials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 278-3 AASHTO 5. ORDERING INFORMATION 5.1. Orders using this specification shall include the following information as necessary to adequately describe the desired product: 5.1.1. Name of material (polyvinyl chloride pipe)
20、; 5.1.2. AASHTO designation, including year of issue; 5.1.3. Type of pipe (Section 4.1); 5.1.4. Diameter of pipe; 5.1.5. Length, either total length or length of each piece and number of pieces; 5.1.6. Perforations, when perforations are required; 5.1.7. Number of couplings and fittings, when requir
21、ed; 5.1.8. Certification, if desired (Section 13.1); and 5.1.9. Any special requirements. 6. MATERIALS 6.1. Solid wall pipe and fittings shall be made from virgin or reworked PVC material with cell classification 12454 or 12364, as defined in ASTM D1784, and shall be a single compound procured from
22、a single manufacturer. Solid wall coextruded pipe shall be made from virgin or reworked PVC for the inner and outer layers and external recycled PVC for the inner layer. The recycled PVC inner layer shall be cell classification 12224. 6.1.1. PVC compounds that have different cell classifications sha
23、ll also be acceptable provided that (1) one or more properties are superior and (2) no properties are inferior to the compounds specified in Section 6.1. 6.2. Reworked Material Reworked PVC material from the manufacturers own production, not including multilayer pipe, may be used. Reworked PVC shall
24、 be clean; generated from the manufacturers own production of pipe, fittings, or accessories and not used by any other manufacturer; and blended back into the same type of product. 6.2.1. Reworked PVC material generated from the manufacturers own production of multilayer pipe shall be reused only in
25、 the center layer of multilayer pipe. 6.3. External recycled PVC External recycled PVC in multilayer pipe may be used in the center layer only provided that the PVC material from each source complies with the requirements specified in Section 6.1. 6.4. Solvent CementThe PVC solvent cement used in jo
26、ining the pipe and fittings for solvent cement joints shall comply with the requirements of ASTM D2564. 6.5. GasketsElastomeric seals (gaskets) shall comply with the requirements of ASTM F477. The lubricant used for assembly shall have no detrimental effect on the gasket or on the pipe or fittings.
27、2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 278-4 AASHTO 7. JOINING SYSTEMS 7.1. Gasketed JointsThe joint shall be designed so that, when assembled, the gasket inside the bell will be compres
28、sed radially on the pipe spigot to form a watertight seal. 7.1.1. The joint shall be designed to avoid displacement of the gasket when installed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. 7.1.2. The assembly of joints shall be in accordance with the pipe manufacturers recommendations. 7.2
29、. Solvent Cement JointsIn the solvent cement joint, the pipe spigot wedges into the tapered socket and the surfaces fuse together. The tapered socket may be a portion of a molded fitting or it may be a belled end of a pipe section. 7.2.1. The assembly of joints shall be in accordance with ASTM D2855
30、 and taking cognizance of ASTM F402. Note 1Difficulty may be encountered in obtaining watertight joints when solvent cementing joints in pipe diameters greater than 150 mm. 7.3. Unsealed JointsPerforated pipe may be connected with stop-type couplings (as described in ASTM D3034, Figure 9) or belled-
31、ends of pipe conforming to Section 8.2.6 without the use of solvent cement. If sleeve couplings as described in Figure 1 are used, the coupling shall be solvent cemented to one length of pipe, lapping 40 to 50 percent of the coupling length. Nominal Size, mm Length (A) Inside Diameter (B) Average, m
32、m Tolerance, mm Average, mm Tolerance, mm 100 88.9 +6.35, 0 107.44 0.13 150 152.4 +6.35, 0 159.77 0.13200 203.2 +6.35, 0 213.74 0.15250 254.0 +6.34, 0 267.21 0.18 300 304.8 +6.35, 0 318.13 0.20375 381.0 +6.35, 0 389.51 0.23Figure 1Sleeve Coupling Dimensions 8. REQUIREMENTS 8.1. WorkmanshipThe pipe a
33、nd fittings shall be homogeneous throughout, and free from visible cracks, flaws, surface bubbles, foreign inclusions, irregular mold seams, or other injurious defects. AB 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation o
34、f applicable law.TS-4b M 278-5 AASHTO The pipe shall be as uniform as commercially practical in color, opacity, and other physical properties. For multilayer pipe, each layer shall be homogeneous throughout and free from visible cracks, flaws, surface bubbles, foreign inclusion, irregular mold seams
35、, or other injurious effects. Further, the manufacturer shall have procedures in place to control material contamination to a level that will not affect product performance which could lead to premature failure. Each layer shall be as uniform as commercially practical in color, opacity, and other ph
36、ysical properties and show no signs of delamination. Delamination shall not occur during any of the tests specified in this standard. 8.2. Pipe Dimensions: 8.2.1. DiameterThe average outside diameter of the pipe shall be as specified in Figure 2 when measured in accordance with ASTM D2122. 8.2.2. Wa
37、ll ThicknessThe minimum wall thickness shall be as specified in Figure 2 when measured in accordance with ASTM D2122. The minimum wall thickness of the individual inner and outer layers of multilayer pipe shall be 10 percent of the wall thickness specified in Figure 2. 8.2.3. Center Layer ColorThe c
38、enter layer color of multilayer pipe shall contrast in color with the inner and outer layers. 8.2.4. LengthLaying length shall be 6 m for diameters up to 200 mm and no less than 3 m for larger sizes; or as mutually agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer. A tolerance of 25 mm shall be permitt
39、ed. Pipe Dimensions Nominal Size, mm Outside Diameter Out-of-Roundness Minimum Wall Thickness, mm Average, mm Tolerance, mm Min, mm Max, mm 100 107.06 0.22 105.80 108.34 3.08 150 159.38 0.28 158.12 160.66 4.58200 213.36 0.30 212.08 214.62 6.10 250 266.70 0.38 263.66 269.75 7.65300 317.50 0.46 313.87
40、 321.14 9.09 375 388.62 0.58 384.16 393.09 11.13Figure 2Requirements for Perforations CL80 Minimum85MaximumHLLC 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 278-6 AASHTO 8.2.5. PerforationsPer
41、forations, when required, shall be circular holes, 4.8 to 9.5 mm in diameter, arranged in rows parallel to the axis of the pipe. Perforations shall be approximately 75 mm center-to-center, along the rows. The rows of perforations shall be arranged in two equal groups placed symmetrically on either s
42、ide of a lower unperforated segment, corresponding to the flow line of the pipe. The spacing of the rows shall be uniform. The distance between the centerlines of rows shall be not less than 25 mm. The minimum number of longitudinal rows of perforations, the maximum heights of the centerlines of the
43、 uppermost rows above the bottom of the inverts, and the inside chord lengths of the unperforated segments shall be as specified in Table 1. Table 1Rows of Perforations, Height H of the Centerline of the Uppermost Rows above the Invert, and Chord Length L of the Unperforated Segment Internal Diamete
44、r of Pipe, mm Rows of Perforations H, Max, mm L, Min, mm 100 2 46 65 150 4 70 98 200 4 94 130 250 4 116 164 300 6 140 195 375 6 175 244 8.2.6. Integral Bell DimensionsThe thickness of the wall shall be considered satisfactory if the bell was formed from pipe meeting the requirements of this specific
45、ation. 8.2.6.1. Elastomeric JointsIntegral bells for elastomeric seal joint shall meet dimensions recommended by the manufacturer. 8.2.6.2. Solvent Cement JointsSocket-type bell dimensions for solvent cement joints shall comply with Figure 3. Nominal Size, mm Entrance (A) Socket Bottom (B) Min Bell
46、Depth (C) Diameter, mm Tolerance, mm Diameter, mm Tolerance, mm 100 107.57 0.22 106.93 0.22 44.44 150 160.15 0.28 159.26 0.28 76.20 200 213.97 0.30 213.06 0.30 101.60 250 267.47 0.38 286.32 0.38 127.00 300 318.41 0.46 317.04 0.46 152.40 375 369.79 0.58 388.04 0.58 190.50 Figure 3Pipe Integral Bell f
47、or Solvent Cement Joints 8.3. Fitting Dimensions: 8.3.1. Fitting Wall ThicknessThe minimum wall thickness of sleeve-type couplings and molded fittings shall be no less than the respective minimum thicknesses listed for the equivalent pipe in Figure 2. The wall thickness of bends manufactured from pi
48、pe (Figure 4) shall be considered satisfactory, providing the bend was formed from pipe meeting the requirements of this 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 278-7 AASHTO specification
49、. For reducing fittings or those with smaller inlets, the minimum wall thickness of each inlet shall not be less than the minimum wall thickness for that size pipe. Nominal Size, mm Dimensions (Min) Radius (R), mm (J), mm (K), mm (L), mm 100 406.4, 609.6, or 914.4 44.44 88.90 50.80 150 609.6 or 914.4 76.20 152.40 88.90 200 609.6 or 914.4 101.60 203.20 127.00 Figure 4Laying Lengths of Bends Manufactured from Pipe 8.3.2. Laying LengthThe laying length of fittings shall me
