1、Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Specification for Highway Applications AASHTO Designation: M 288-17Technical Section: 4e, Joints, Bearings, and Geosynthetics Release: Group 2 (June 2017) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 2
2、49 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4e M 288-1 AASHTO Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Specification for Highway Applications AASHTO Designation: M 288-17 Technical Section: 4e, Joints, Bearings, and Geosynthetics Release: Group 2 (June 2017) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This is a materials specification covering
3、geosynthetics for use in subsurface drainage, separation, stabilization, erosion control, temporary silt fence, paving, and soil (walls and slopes). This is a material purchasing specification and design review of use is recommended. 1.2. This specification sets forth a set of physical, mechanical,
4、and endurance properties that must be met or exceeded by the geosynthetic being manufactured. 1.3. In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents a manufacturing quality control (MQC) document. However, its general use is essentially as a recommended design document.
5、 1.4. This specification is intended to assure both good quality and performance of geosynthetics used as listed in Section 1.1, but is possibly not adequate for the complete specification in a specific situation, especially in reinforcement applications. Additional tests, more restrictive values fo
6、r the tests indicated, or values based on project specific design may be necessary under conditions of a particular application. 1.5. Minimum strength values provided in this specification are based on geosynthetic survivability from installation stresses. Designers should be aware that the classes
7、and/or property requirements in this specification reflect this basic premise. Refer to Appendix X1 for most geosynthetic construction guidelines. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: R 69, Determination of Long-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement T 88, Particle Size Analysis of S
8、oils T 90, Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils T 99, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop T 289, Determining pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing 2.2. ASTM Standards:1 2017 by the American Association of State Highwa
9、y and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-2 AASHTO D123, Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles D276, Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles D4354, Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
10、 Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing D4355/D4355M, Standard Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc Type Apparatus D4439, Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics D4491, Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by
11、Permittivity D4533/D4533M, Standard Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of Geotextiles D4595, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method D4603, Standard Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass
12、 Capillary Viscometer D4632/D4632M, Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles D4751, Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile D4759, Standard Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of Geosynthetics D4873/D4873M, Standa
13、rd Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples D4884/D4884M, Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles D5035, Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) D5141, Standard Test Method for
14、Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device D5261, Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles D6140, Standard Test Method to Determine Asphalt Retention of Paving Fabrics Used in Asphalt Paving for Full-Width App
15、lications D6241, Standard Test Method for Static Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe D6637/D6637M, Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method D7409, Standard Test Method for Carboxyl E
16、nd Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns 2.3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: EPA/600/R-93/182, Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Containment Facilities 2.4. Other Standards: ISO 13438:2004(en), Geotextiles and geotextile-related productsScreening test method fo
17、r determining the resistance to oxidation GRI-GG8, Determination of the Number Average Molecular Weight of PET Yarns Based on a Relative Viscosity Value 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. effective design temperatureThe temperature that is halfway between the average yearly air temperature and the normal daily air
18、 temperature for the warmest month at the reinforced soil structure site. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-3 AASHTO 3.2. enhancementThe use of a geotextile in wet, saturated co
19、nditions to provide the coincident functions of separation, filtration, and stabilization (i.e., enhancement). 3.3. formulationThe mixture of a unique combination of ingredients identified by type, properties, and quantity. For geosynthetics, a formulation is defined as the exact percentages and typ
20、es of resin(s), additives, and/or carbon black. 3.4. geosyntheticA class of products consisting of manufactured planar materials used in geotechnical applications, and is inclusive of both geotextiles and geogrids. 3.5. Manufacturing Quality Control (MQC)A planned system of inspections that is used
21、to directly monitor and control the manufacture of a material that is factory originated. MQC is normally performed by the manufacturer of geosynthetic materials and is necessary to ensure minimum (or maximum) specified values in the manufactured product. MQC refers to measures taken by the manufact
22、urer to determine compliance with the requirements for materials and workmanship as stated in certification documents and contract specifications ref. EPA/600/R-93/182. 3.6. Minimum Average Roll Value (MARV)For geosynthetics, a MQC tool used to allow manufacturers to establish published values such
23、that the user/purchaser will have a 97.7 percent confidence that the property in question, when tested, will meet published values. For normally distributed data, MARV is calculated as the average value minus two standard deviations from documented quality control test results for a defined populati
24、on from one specific test method associated with one specific property. 3.7. minimum valueThe lowest sample value from documented MQC test results for a defined population from one test method associated with one specific property. 3.8. maximum valueThe highest sample value from documented MQC test
25、results for a defined population from one test method associated with one specific property. Note 1Other terminology related to textiles (e.g., nonwoven) and geosynthetics (e.g., apparent opening size) may be used in this specification. Definitions for this terminology may be found in ASTM D123 or D
26、4439. 4. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS 4.1. Fibers, yarns, straps, and sheets used in the manufacture of geotextiles and geogrids used in a reinforcement application, and the threads used in joining geotextiles by sewing, shall consist of long-chain synthetic polymers, composed of at least 95 percent, by we
27、ight, polyolefins or polyesters. They shall be formed into a stable network such that the filaments, yarns, or ribs retain their dimensional stability relative to each other, including selvages. Fibers used in the manufacture of geotextiles for paving fabrics requiring low ultimate elongation, and t
28、he threads used in joining these geotextiles by sewing, shall consist of combinations of glass fibers or fiberglass and long-chain synthetic polymers, with the combination composed of at least 95 percent, by weight, of fiberglass, polyesters, or polyolefins. 4.2. Geotextiles used for subsurface drai
29、nage, separation, stabilization, and permanent erosion control applications shall conform to the physical requirements of Section 8. Geotextiles used for temporary silt fence shall conform to the physical requirements of Section 9, and geotextiles used as paving fabrics shall conform to the physical
30、 requirements of Section 10. Geotextiles and geogrids used for reinforced soil applications shall conform to the physical requirements of Section 11. 4.3. All property values, with the exceptions of apparent opening size (AOS) and property values in Table 10 and Table 11, in these specifications rep
31、resent MARV in the weakest principal direction 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-4 AASHTO (i.e., average test results of any roll in a lot sampled for conformance or quality ass
32、urance testing shall meet or exceed the minimum values provided herein). Values for AOS represent maximum average roll values. Values for properties in Table 10 and Table 11 are as indicated in those tables. 5. CERTIFICATION 5.1. The contractor shall provide to the engineer a manufacturer certificat
33、e stating the name of the manufacturer; product name; style number; chemical composition of the filaments, yarns, straps, or sheets; and other pertinent information to fully describe the geosynthetic. For soil reinforcement, independent third party test data used to identify values for creep, durabi
34、lity, and installation damage must be included with the product certification. 5.2. The manufacturer is responsible for establishing and maintaining a quality control program to assure compliance with the requirements of the specification. Documentation describing the quality control program shall b
35、e made available on request. The manufacturer shall have a quality control program that includes an on-site laboratory accredited by the Geosynthetic Accreditation Institute, Laboratory Accreditation Program (GAI-LAP) to perform the required test methods. 5.3. The manufacturers certificate shall sta
36、te that the furnished geosynthetic meets MARV requirements, except as otherwise specified, of the specification as evaluated under the manufacturers quality control program. A person having legal authority to bind the manufacturer shall attest to the certificate. 5.4. Products without proper identif
37、ication or labeling, mislabeling, or misrepresentation of materials shall be reason to reject those geosynthetic products. 6. SAMPLING, TESTING, AND ACCEPTANCE 6.1. All geosynthetics shall be subject to sampling and testing to verify conformance with this specification. Sampling shall be in accordan
38、ce with the most current ASTM D4354, using the section titled “Procedure for Sampling for Purchasers Specification Conformance Testing.” In the absence of purchasers testing, verification may be based on manufacturers certifications as a result of testing by the manufacturer or by an independent thi
39、rd-party laboratory accredited by GAI-LAP to perform the required test methods, of quality assurance samples obtained using the procedure for sampling for manufacturers quality assurance (MQA) testing. A lot size shall be considered to be the shipment quantity of the given product or a truckload of
40、the given product, whichever is smaller. 6.2. Testing shall be performed in accordance with the methods referenced in this specification for the indicated application. The number of specimens to test per sample is specified by each test method. Geosynthetic product acceptance shall be based on ASTM
41、D4759. Product acceptance is determined by comparing the average test results of all specimens within a given sample to the specification MARV except as otherwise specified. Refer to ASTM D4759 for more details regarding geosynthetic acceptance procedures. Note 2The purchasing agency may specify and
42、 require the geosynthetic manufacturer to participate in the applicable AASHTO National Transportation Product Evaluation Programs (NTPEPs) Audit Program for Geosynthetics (GTX precipitation; extended ultraviolet radiation, including sunlight; chemicals that are strong acids or strong bases; flames,
43、 including welding sparks; temperatures in excess of 71C (160F); and any other environmental condition that may damage the physical property values of the geosynthetic. 8. GEOTEXTILE PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE, SEPARATION, STABILIZATION, ENHANCEMENT, AND PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL
44、8.1. General Requirements: 8.1.1. Table 1 provides strength properties for four geotextile classes. The geotextile shall conform to the properties of Table 1 based on the geotextile class required in Table 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 for the indicated application. 8.1.2. All numeric values in Table 1 repres
45、ent MARV in the weaker principal direction. The geotextile properties required for each class are dependent on geotextile elongation. When sewn seams are required, the seam strength, as measured in accordance with ASTM D4632/D4632M, shall be equal to or greater than 90 percent of the specified grab
46、strength. 8.2. Subsurface Drainage Requirements: 8.2.1. DescriptionThis specification is applicable to placing a geotextile against a soil to allow for long-term passage of water into a subsurface drain system retaining the in situ soil. The primary function of the geotextile in subsurface drainage
47、applications is filtration. Geotextile filtration properties are a function of the in situ soil gradation, plasticity, and hydraulic conditions. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 28
48、8-6 AASHTO 8.2.2. Geotextile RequirementsThe geotextile shall meet the requirements of Table 2. Woven slit film geotextiles (i.e., geotextiles made from yarns of a flat, tape-like character) will not be allowed. All numeric values in Table 2, except AOS, represent MARV in the weaker principal direct
49、ion. Values of AOS represent maximum average roll values. Table 1Geotextile Strength Property Requirements Geotextile Classa,bClass 1A Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Test Methods Units Elongation 50 Geotextile class Class 2 from Table 1bPermittivityc,dASTM D4491 sec10.5 0.2 0.1 Apparent opening sizec,dASTM D4751 mm 0.43 max avg roll value 0.25 max avg roll value 0.22emax avg roll value Ultraviolet stability (retained strength) ASTM D4355/D4355M % 50% after 500 h of exposure aBased on grain size analysis of in
