1、Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm (12- to 60-in.) Diameter AASHTO Designation: M 294-16 Release: Group 2 (June 2016) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001TS-4b M 294-1
2、AASHTO Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm (12- to 60-in.) Diameter AASHTO Designation: M 294-16 Release: Group 2 (June 2016) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers the requirements and methods of tests for corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe, couplings, and fitti
3、ngs for use in surface and subsurface drainage applications. 1.1.1. Nominal sizes of 300 to 1500 mm (12 to 60 in.) are included. 1.1.2. Materials, workmanship, dimensions, pipe stiffness, slow crack growth resistance, joining systems, brittleness, and form of markings are specified. 1.2. Corrugated
4、PE pipe is intended for surface and subsurface drainage applications where soil provides support to its flexible walls. Its major use is to collect or convey drainage water by open gravity flow, as culverts, storm drains, etc. Note 1When PE pipe is to be used in locations where the ends may be expos
5、ed, consideration should be given to protection of the exposed portions due to combustibility of the PE and the deteriorating effects of prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. 1.3. UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are
6、shown in parentheses, and may not be exact equivalents. 1.4. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or earth cover load. Successful performance of this product depends upon proper type of bedding and backfill, and care in installation. The structural design of corrug
7、ated PE pipe and the proper installation procedures are given in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Section 12, and LFRD Bridge Construction Specifications, Section 30, respectively. Upon request of the user or engineer, the manufacturer shall provide profile wall section detail required for
8、a full engineering evaluation. 1.5. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9.4, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this sta
9、ndard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: R 16, Regulatory Information for Chemicals Used in AASHTO Tests T 341, Determination of Compression Capacity for Profile W
10、all Plastic Pipe by Stub Compression Loading 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-2 AASHTO AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
11、2.2. ASTM Standards: D618, Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics D883, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics D2122, Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings D2412, Standard T
12、est Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading D2444, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight) D3212, Standard Specification for Joints for Drain a
13、nd Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals D3350, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials D4218, Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds By the Muffle-Furnace Technique D4703, Standard Practice for Com
14、pression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets D5397, Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test F412, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems F477, Standard Spec
15、ification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe F2136, Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. The terminology used in this standard is in accordance
16、 with the definitions given in ASTM D883 and ASTM F412 unless otherwise specified. 3.2. bucklingDuring pipe stiffness testing, any decrease or downward deviation in the pipe stiffness test curve at or below the calculated buckling deflection limit shall be considered a buckling point. Additionally,
17、any irrecoverable longitudinal crease or similar irrecoverable artifact that spans three or more corrugations and is present after 30 minutes following removal of the test specimen from the parallel plate test machine shall be considered as buckling. 3.3. crackany break or split that extends through
18、 the wall or liner. 3.4. creasea visual irrecoverable indentation, generally associated with wall buckling. 3.5. delaminationA separation between the inner liner and outer corrugated wall of Type S pipe as evidenced by a visible gap extending completely through at least one corrugation valley at any
19、 point around the circumference of the pipe. For Type D pipe, delamination is a separation of the liner and outer wall as evidenced by a visible gap extending completely between the internal supports and liner or outer wall at any point around the circumference of the pipe. 3.6. polyethylene (PE) pl
20、asticsplastics based on polymers made with ethylene as essentially the sole monomer (ASTM D883). 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-3 AASHTO 3.7. reworked plastica plastic from
21、a processors own production that has been reground, pelletized, or solvated after having been previously processed by molding, extrusion, etc. (ASTM D883). 3.8. slow crack growtha phenomenon by which a stress crack may form. A stress crack is an external or internal crack in plastic caused by tensil
22、e stresses less than its short-time mechanical strength. 3.9. virgin polyethylene materialPE plastic material in the form of pellets, granules, powder, floc, or liquid that has not been subject to use or processing other than required for initial manufacture. 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1. The corrugated PE
23、 pipe covered by this specification is classified as follows: 4.1.1. Type CThis pipe shall have a full circular cross section, with a corrugated surface both inside and outside. Corrugations shall be annular. 4.1.1.1. Type CPThis pipe shall be Type C with perforations. 4.1.2. Type SThis pipe shall h
24、ave a full circular cross section, with an outer corrugated pipe wall and a smooth inner liner. Corrugations shall be annular. 4.1.2.1. Type SPThis pipe shall be Type S with perforations. 4.1.3. Type DThis pipe shall consist of an essentially smooth liner braced circumferentially or spirally with pr
25、ojections or ribs joined to an essentially smooth outer wall. 4.1.3.1. Type DPThis pipe shall be Type D with perforations. 4.2. Two classes of perforations are as described in Sections 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. 5. ORDERING INFORMATION 5.1. Orders using this specification shall include the following informati
26、on, as necessary, to adequately describe the desired product: 5.1.1. AASHTO designation and year of issue; 5.1.2. Type of pipe (Section 4.1); 5.1.3. Diameter and length required, either total length or length of each piece and number of pieces; 5.1.4. Number of couplings; 5.1.5. Class of perforation
27、s (Class 2 is furnished if not specified) (Section 7.3); and 5.1.6. Certification, if desired (Section 12.1). 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-4 AASHTO 6. MATERIALS 6.1. Basic
28、 Materials: 6.1.1. Extruded Pipe and Blow Molded FittingsPipe and fittings shall be made of virgin PE resin compounds meeting the requirements of ASTM D3350 and cell classification 435400C, except that the carbon black content shall not exceed 4.0 percent. The cell classification shall be based on t
29、he virgin PE resin compounds without carbon black. Resins that have higher cell classifications in one or more properties, with the exception of density, are acceptable provided product requirements are met. For slow crack growth resistance, acceptance of resins shall be determined by using the notc
30、hed constant ligament-stress (NCLS) test according to the procedure described in Section 9.4. For slow crack growth resistance, acceptance of pipe shall be determined by tests on the finished pipe using the NCLS test according to the procedure described in Section 9.4. The average failure time of th
31、e pipe liner shall not be less than 18 h. If profile geometries do not have a flat portion of sufficient length to produce an NCLS tensile specimen of 25 mm (1 in.) length, usually 15-in. diameter or less, the pipe sample shall be ground and a test plaque made in accordance with ASTM D4703 Procedure
32、 C at a cooling rate of 15C/min (27F/min) and tested per ASTM F2136. The average failure time of test specimens from plaques shall not be less than 24 h. 6.1.2. Rotational Molded Fittings and CouplingsFittings and couplings shall be made of virgin PE resins meeting the requirements of ASTM D3350 and
33、 cell classification 213320C, except that the carbon black content shall not exceed 5 percent. Resins that have higher cell classifications in one or more properties are acceptable provided product requirements are met. 6.1.3. Injection Molded Fittings and CouplingsFittings and couplings shall be ma
34、de of virgin PE resins meeting the requirements of ASTM D3350 and cell classification 314420C, except that the carbon black content shall not exceed 5 percent. Resins that have higher cell classifications in one or more properties are acceptable provided product requirements are met. 6.2. Reworked P
35、lasticIn lieu of virgin PE, clean reworked plastic may be used by the manufacturer, provided that it meets the cell class requirements as described in Section 6.1. 6.3. Resin BlendingWhen blended resins are used, the components of the blend must be virgin PE and the final blend must meet all of the
36、requirements of Section 6.1.1 for extruded pipe and blow molded fittings, Section 6.1.2 for rotational molded fittings and couplings, and Section 6.1.3 for injection molded fittings and couplings. 7. REQUIREMENTS 7.1. WorkmanshipThe pipe and fittings shall be free of foreign inclusions and visible d
37、efects as defined herein. The ends of the pipe shall be cut squarely and cleanly so as not to adversely affect joining or connecting. 7.1.1. Visible DefectsCracks, creases, delaminations, and unpigmented or nonuniformly pigmented pipe are not permissible in the pipe or fittings as furnished. There s
38、hall be no evidence of delamination when tested in accordance with Section 9.7. 7.2. Pipe Dimensions: 7.2.1. Nominal SizeThe nominal size for the pipe and fittings is based on the nominal inside diameter of the pipe. Nominal diameters shall be 300, 375, 450, 525, 600, 675, 750, 900, 1050, 1200, 1350
39、, and 1500 mm (12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60 in.). 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-5 AASHTO 7.2.2. Liner ThicknessThe liner of Type S pipe, and both line
40、r and outer wall of Type D pipe shall have the following minimum thicknesses when measured in accordance with Section 9.6.4. Diameter, mm (in.) Liner Thickness, Mina, mm (in.) 300 (12) 0.9 (0.035) 375 (15) 1.0 (0.04) 450 (18) 1.3 (0.05) 525 (21) 1.5 (0.06) 600 (24) 1.5 (0.06) 675 (27) 1.5 (0.06) 750
41、 (30) 1.5 (0.06) 900 (36) 1.7 (0.07) 1050 (42) 1.8 (0.07) 1200 (48) 1.8 (0.07) 1350 (54) 2.0 (0.08) 1500 (60) 2.0 (0.08) aFor Type D profile, the minimum liner thickness shall also apply to the outer wall. 7.2.3. Inside Diameter TolerancesThe tolerance on the specified inside diameter shall be 4.5 p
42、ercent oversize and 1.5 percent undersize, but not more than 37 mm (1.5 in.) oversize when measured in accordance with Section 9.6.1. 7.2.4. LengthCorrugated PE pipe may be sold in any length agreeable to the user. Lengths shall not be less than 99 percent of the stated quantity when measured in acc
43、ordance with Section 9.6.2. 7.3. PerforationsWhen perforated pipe is specified, the perforations shall conform to the requirements of Class 2, unless otherwise specified in the order. Class 1 perforations are for pipe intended to be used for subsurface drainage or combination storm and underdrain. C
44、lass 2 perforations are for pipe intended to be used for subsurface drainage only. The perforations shall be cleanly cut so as not to restrict the inflow of water. Pipe connected by couplings or bands may be unperforated within 100 mm (4 in.) of each end of each length of pipe. Pipe connected by bel
45、l and spigot joints may not be perforated in the area of the bells and spigots. Figure 1Requirements for Perforations CL80 Minimum85MaximumHLLC 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 29
46、4-6 AASHTO Table 1Rows of Perforations, Height H of the Centerline of the Uppermost Rows above the Invert, and Chord Length L of Unperforated Segment, for Class 1 Perforations Nominal Diameter, mm (in.) Rows of PerforationsaH, Max,bmm (in.) L, Min,bmm (in.) 300 (12) 6 138 (5.4) 192 (7.5) 375 (15) 6
47、172 (6.75) 240 (9.5) 450 (18) 6 207 (8.15) 288 (11.3) 525 (21) 6 241 (9.5) 336 (13.2) 600 and larger (24 and larger) 8 ccaMinimum number of rows. A greater number of rows for increased inlet area shall be subject to agreement between purchaser and manufacturer. Note that the number of perforations p
48、er meter in each row (and inlet area) is dependent on the corrugation pitch. bSee Figure 1 for location of dimensions H and L. cH(max) = 0.46D; L(min) = 0.64D, where D = nominal diameter of pipe, mm. 7.3.1. Class 1 PerforationsThe perforations shall be approximately circular and shall have nominal d
49、iameters of not less than 5 mm (0.2 in.) nor greater than 10 mm (0.4 in.) and shall be arranged in rows parallel to the axis of the pipe. For Type CP and SP pipe, the perforations shall be located in the external valleys with perforations in each row for each corrugation. (The perforations shall not cut into the corrugation sidewalls.) For Type DP pipe, perforations shall be located in the center of the cells. The perforations shall not cut into the vertical sections of the cells. The rows of perforations shall b
