1、Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm (12- to 60-in.) Diameter AASHTO Designation: M 294-18 Technical Section: 4b, Flexible and Metallic Pipe Release: Group 2 (June) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., S
2、uite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001TS-4b M 294-1 AASHTO Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm (12- to 60-in.) Diameter AASHTO Designation: M 294-18 Technical Section: 4b, Flexible and Metallic Pipe Release: Group 2 (June) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers the req
3、uirements and methods of tests for corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe, couplings, and fittings for use in surface and subsurface drainage applications. 1.1.1. Nominal sizes of 300 to 1500 mm (12 to 60 in.) are included. 1.1.2. Materials, workmanship, dimensions, pipe stiffness, slow-crack-growth resi
4、stance, joining systems, brittleness, perforations, and form of markings are specified. 1.2. Corrugated PE pipe is intended for surface and subsurface drainage applications where soil provides support to its flexible walls. Its major use is to collect or convey drainage water by open gravity flow, a
5、s culverts, storm drains, etc. Note 1When PE pipe is to be used in locations where the ends may be exposed, consideration should be given to protection of the exposed portions due to combustibility of the PE and the deteriorating effects of prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. 1.3. UnitsThe
6、values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are shown in parentheses, and may not be exact equivalents. 1.4. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or earth cover load. Successful performance of this product dep
7、ends on proper type of bedding and backfill, and care in installation. The structural design of corrugated PE pipe and the proper installation procedures are given in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Section 12, and LFRD Bridge Construction Specifications, Section 30, respectively. Upon req
8、uest of the user or engineer, the manufacturer shall provide profile wall section detail required for a full engineering evaluation. 1.5. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9.4, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of
9、the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: T 341, Determination
10、 of Compression Capacity for Profile Wall Plastic Pipe by Stub Compression Loading AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-2 AASHTO AAS
11、HTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2.2. ASTM Standards: D618, Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics D883, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics D2122, Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplast
12、ic Pipe and Fittings D2412, Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading D2444, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight) D3212, Standar
13、d Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals D3350, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials D3895, Standard Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry D4218, Standa
14、rd Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-Furnace Technique D4703, Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets D4883, Standard Test Method for Density of Polyethylene by the Ultrasoun
15、d Technique (withdrawn 2017) F412, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems F477, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe F2136, Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of
16、HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe F3181, Standard Test Method for The Un-notched, Constant Ligament Stress Crack Test (UCLS) for HDPE Materials Containing Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE 2.3. Federal Standard: Fed. Std. No. 29, CFR 1910.1200 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard; see also Permissible Exp
17、osure LimitsAnnotated Tables, available at https:/www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels 2.4. Other: Pluimer, Michael L. (2016). Evaluation of Corrugated HDPE Pipes Manufactured with Recycled Materials in Commuter Railroad Applications (Doctoral dissertation). Proquest Publishing, Villanova University. Plu
18、imer, Michael, Joel Sprague, Richard Thomas, Leslie McCarthy, Andrea Welker, Shad Sargand, Ehab Shaheen, and Kevin White. National Cooperative Highway Research Report 870: Field Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, Wash
19、ington, DC, 2018. See Appendix L, AASHTOs proposed Standard Practice for Service Life Determination of Corrugated HDPE Pipes Manufactured with Recycled Materials. Available online at http:/www.trb.org/NCHRP/Blurbs/176741.aspx 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offic
20、ials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-3 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. The terminology used in this standard is in accordance with the definitions given in ASTM D883 and ASTM F412 unless otherwise specified. 3.2. bucklingDuring pipe flattening testing, any d
21、ecrease or downward devia tion in the pipe load-deflection test curve at or below the calculated buckling deflection limit shall be considered a buckling point. 3.3. contaminantinorganic particulate matter or other non-HDPE organic material that creates inclusions or stress risers in the crystalline
22、 structure of HDPE. 3.4. crackany break or split that extends through the wall or liner. 3.5. crack initiationthe portion of the slow-crack- growth mechanism associated with the initial development of a craze zone and micro-cracks around a contaminant, void, or discontinuity; also referred to as slo
23、w-crack-growth initiation or stress-crack initiation. 3.6. crack propagationthe portion of the slow-crack-g rowth mechanism associated with successive yielding of HDPE material ahead of a crack tip; also referred to as slow-crack-growth propagation or stress-crack propagation. 3.7. creasea visible i
24、rrecoverable indentation. 3.8. buckling deflection limitthe percentage reduction of the inside diameter of the pipe for the extreme fiber of the wall profile to reach the factored combined compressive strain limit of 6.15 percent for HDPE pipe per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Section 12
25、. 3.9. delaminationA separation between the inner liner and outer corrugated wall of Type S pipe as evidenced by a visible gap extending completely through at least one corrugation valley at any point around the circumference of the pipe. For Type D pipe, delamination is a separation of the liner an
26、d outer wall as evidenced by a visible gap extending completely between the internal supports and liner or outer wall at any point around the circumference of the pipe. 3.10. polyethylene (PE) plasticsplastics based on polymers made with ethylene as essentially the sole monomer (ASTM D883). 3.11. po
27、st-consumer recycled (PCR) PEPE materials from products that have served a previous consumer purpose (for example, laundry detergent bottles, milk bottles, and other containers for consumer goods). 3.12. post-industrial recycled (PIR) PEPE materials diverted from the waste stream during a manufactur
28、ing process that have never reached the end user. 3.13. reworked plastica plastic from a processors own production that has been regr ound, pelletized, or solvated after having been previously processed by molding, extrusion, etc. (ASTM D883). 3.14. slow crack growth (SCG)a phenomenon by which a str
29、ess crack may form. A stress crack is an external or internal crack in plastic caused by tensile stresses less than its short-time mechanical strength. The slow-crack-growth mechanism is comprised of a crack initiation phase and a crack-propagation phase. 3.15. virgin polyethylene materialPE plastic
30、 material in the form of pellets, granules, powder, floc, or liquid that has not been subject to use or processing other than required for initial manufacture. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicabl
31、e law.TS-4b M 294-4 AASHTO 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1. The corrugated PE pipe covered by this specification is classified as follows: 4.1.1. Type CThis pipe shall have a full circular cross section, with a cor rugated surface both inside and outside. Corrugations shall be annular. 4.1.1.1. Type CPThis pi
32、pe shall be Type C with perforations. 4.1.2. Type SThis pipe shall have a full circular cross section, with an ou ter corrugated pipe wall and a smooth inner liner. Corrugations shall be annular. 4.1.2.1. Type SPThis pipe shall be Type S with perforations. 4.1.3. Type DThis pipe shall consist of an
33、essentially smooth liner braced circumferentially or spirally with projections or ribs joined to an essentially smooth outer wall. 4.1.3.1. Type DPThis pipe shall be Type D with perforations. 4.2. Two classes of perforations are as described in Sections 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. 4.3. This standard allows pip
34、es to be manufactured with virgin or recycled materials, or blends of both. If only virgin materials are allowed, it shall be specified in the ordering information. All pipes shall be marked accordingly as described in Sections 11.1.4 and 11.1.5. 5. ORDERING INFORMATION 5.1. Orders using this specif
35、ication shall include the following information, as necessary, to adequately describe the desired product: 5.1.1. AASHTO designation and year of issue; 5.1.2. Type of pipe (Section 4.1); 5.1.3. Virgin or recycled resins, or blends of both (Section 4.3); Note 2This is a performance-based specificatio
36、n and does not include minimum or maximum limits on the recycled or virgin content, provided the performance requirements of the final blend are met. Specific limits on the recycled or virgin content, if desired, along with any specific marking requirements for such limits, shall be specified on the
37、 order. 5.1.4. Diameter and length required, either total length or length of each piece and number of pieces; 5.1.5. Number of couplings; 5.1.6. Class of perforations (Class 2 is furnished if not specified) (Section 7.3); and 5.1.7. Certification, if desired (Section 12.1). 6. MATERIALS 6.1. Basic
38、Materials: 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4b M 294-5 AASHTO 6.1.1. Extruded Pipe and Blow Molded FittingsPipe and fittings shall be m ade of virgin or recycled PE resin compounds, or
39、 blends of both, meeting the requirements of ASTM D3350 and cell classification 435400C, except that the carbon black content shall not exceed 4.0 percent. The cell classification shall be based on the virgin or recycled PE resin compounds, or blends of both, without carbon black when tested in acco
40、rdance with ASTM D4218. Resins that have higher cell classifications in one or more properties, with the exception of density, are acceptable provided product requirements are met. For slow-crack-growth resistance, acceptance of resins shall be determined by using the notched constant ligament-stres
41、s (NCLS) test according to the procedure described in Section 9.4. For slow-crack-growth resistance, the requirements in Sections 6.1.1.1 and 6.1.1.2 shall be met. 6.1.1.1. To ensure adequate resistance to SCG propagation, Notched Constant Ligament Stress (NCLS) testing shall be conducted on specime
42、ns die cut either directly from the finished pipe liner or from ground-up pieces of pipe (from the liner or outer wall, or both) that have been compression-molded into a plaque. Testing shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM F2136 and the procedures described in Section 9.4. 6.1.1.1.1. If testin
43、g is conducted on specimens taken directly from the finished pipe liner, the average failure time of five specimens shall not be less than 18 h. 6.1.1.1.2. If testing is conducted on specimens taken from ground-up pieces of pipe that have been compression molded into a plaque, the average failure ti
44、me of five test specimens shall not be less than 24 h. 6.1.1.2. For pipes manufactured with recycled PE materials (PCR or PIR, or both), Un-notched Constant Ligament Stress (UCLS) testing shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM F3181 and the procedures described in Section 9.4 to ensure the desir
45、ed service life is met. The minimum UCLS failure time shall be prescribed based on the service conditions (temperature and factored design stress) and desired service life as detailed in A2 of the Annex. In the absence of design data, a service life of 100 years at a service temperature of 23C and f
46、actored tensile design stress of 500 psi shall be conservatively specified. For this condition, the average UCLS failure time for five specimens shall not be less than 34 h, with no single specimen failing in less than 18 h. 6.1.1.3. Pipes manufactured from recycled PE materials (PCR or PIR, or both
47、) shall have an Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) of 20 minutes when tested in accordance with ASTM D3895 and a break strain of 150 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D638. Density of pipe compounds containing recycled PE materials (PCR or PIR, or both) should be conducted by the ultrasound te
48、chnique in accordance with ASTM D4883. Note 3The ultrasound density technique is not affected by colorants and other inorganic compounds that may be present in these recycled PE materials (PCR or PIR, or both). 6.1.2. Rotational Molded Fittings and CouplingsFittings and couplings shall be made of vi
49、rgin PE resins meeting the requirements of ASTM D3350 and cell classification 213320C, except that the carbon black content shall not exceed 5 percent. Resins that have higher cell classifications in one or more properties are acceptable provided product requirements are met. 6.1.3. Injection Molded Fittings and CouplingsFittings and couplings shall be made of virgin PE resins meeting the requirements of ASTM D3350 and cell classification 314420C, except that the carbon black content shall not exceed 5 percent
