1、 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-
2、5806 fax www.transportation.org Cover photos courtesy of the following Departments of Transportation: Washington State (1), California (23), Idaho (45), and Nevada (6). Cover figures courtesy of the Montana Department of Transportation. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transport
3、ation Officials. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 978-1-56051-591-3 PUB CODE: MBEI-1 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi
4、cials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Manual for Bridge Element Inspection iii EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 20122013 President Michael P. Lewis, Rhode Island Vice President Mike Hancock, Kentucky Secretary/Treasurer Carlos Braceras, Utah Regional Representatives REGION I Ja
5、mes P. Redeker, Connecticut, One-Year Term Chris Clement, New Hampshire, Two-Year Term REGION II Anthony J. Tata, North Carolina, One-Year Term Sheri LeBas, Louisiana, Two-Year Term REGION III Mark Gottlieb, Wisconsin, One-Year Term Paul Trombino, Iowa, Two-Year Term REGION IV John Cox, Wyoming, One
6、-Year Term John Halikowski, Arizona, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members Immediate Past President Kirk Steudle, P.E., Michigan AASHTO Executive Director Bud Wright, Washington, DC 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violati
7、on of applicable law.iv Manual for Bridge Element Inspection HIGHWAYS SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES, 2013 GREGG FREDRICK, Chair BRUCE JOHNSON, Vice Chair M. MYINT LWIN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary RAJ AILANEY, Federal Highway Administration, Assistant Secretary KELLEY REHM, AA
8、SHTO Liaison ALABAMA, John F. “Buddy” Black, Eric J. Christie, William “Tim” Colquett ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, Jean A. Nehme ARKANSAS, Carl J. Fuselier CALIFORNIA, Barton J. Newton, Michael Donald Keever, Susan Hida, Lian Daun COLORADO, Joshua Laipply CONNECTICUT, Timothy David Fields DELAW
9、ARE, Barry A. Benton, Douglass A. Robb, Jason Hastings DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, L. Donald Cooney, Konjit “Connie” Eskender, Ronaldo T. Nicholson FLORIDA, Sam Fallaha, Jeff Pouliotte, Dennis Golabek GEORGIA, Paul V. Liles, Jr., Bill DuVall, Ben Rabun HAWAII, Paul T. Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINO
10、IS, Carl Puzey, Tim A. Armbrecht INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Loren R. Risch, James J. Brennan KENTUCKY, Mark Hite, Marvin Wolfe LOUISIANA, Paul Fossier, Arthur DAndrea MAINE, Wayne Frankhauser, Michael H. Wight MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Jeffrey L. Robert, Gregory Sco
11、tt Roby MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow, Walter P. Heller MICHIGAN, David Juntunen, Matthew Jack Chynoweth MINNESOTA, Nancy Daubenberger, Kevin Western, Arielle Ehrlich MISSISSIPPI, Nick J. Altobelli, Austin Banks, Justin Walker MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Scott Stotlemeyer MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes
12、NEBRASKA, Mark J. Traynowicz, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber NEVADA, Mark P. Elicegui, Todd Stefonowicz NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark W. Richardson, David L. Scott NEW JERSEY, Nagnath “Nate” Kasbekar, Eli D. Lambert, Xiaohua Hannah Cheng NEW MEXICO, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jeff C. Vigil NEW YORK, Wahid Albert, Richard
13、 Marchione NORTH CAROLINA, Greg R. Perfetti NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Timothy J. Keller, Jawdat Siddiqi OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, John A. Schmiedel, Walter Peters OREGON, (Vacant), Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, Thomas P. Macioce, Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, David Fish S
14、OUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Kevin Goeden TENNESSEE, Wayne J. Seger, William Henry Pate TEXAS, Gregg A. Freeby, Keith L. Ramsey, John M. Holt U.S. DOT, M. Myint Lwin, Raj Ailaney, Thomas D. Everett UTAH, Carmen Swanwick, Joshua Sletten, Cheryl H. Simmons VERMONT, Wayne
15、 B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Kendal “Ken” Walus, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Julius F. J. Volgyi, Jr. WASHINGTON, Tony M. Allen, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Gregory Bailey WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, Beth A. Cannestra, William Dreher WYOMING, Keith R. Fulton, Mike E. Menghini, Paul Cortez DELAWARE RIVER AND BAY A
16、UTHORITY, Shoukry Elnahal GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, Kary H. Witt MD. TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY, Dan Williams N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William J. Moreau PENN. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James L. Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Christophe
17、r H. Westbrook, Phillip W. Sausers U.S. COAST GUARD, Kamal Elnahal U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE, Tom Gillins ALBERTA, Lloyd Atkin KOREA, Eui-Joon Lee, Sang-Soon Lee SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Waseem Dekelbab 2013 by the American Association of State Highw
18、ay and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Manual for Bridge Element Inspection v PREFACE This manual is intended as a resource for agencies performing element-level bridge inspections. It replaces the AASHTO Guide to Commonly Recognized Structu
19、ral Elements (1994) and the AASHTO Guide Manual for Bridge Element Inspection (2011) as a reference for standardized element definitions, element quantity calculations, condition state definitions, element feasible actions, and inspection conventions. This manual incorporates suggested changes that
20、were submitted by many inspecting agencies, consultant inspection firms, and training instructors that helped improve this updated version. AASHTO would like to thank member agencies for their continued dedication to improving bridge inspection in the United States. AASHTO also would like to recogni
21、ze the dedication and tireless efforts of the following technical team members who worked together to develop this manual: Name Agency Role Michael B. Johnson California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Team Lead Wade Casey Federal Highways Administration (FHWA) Technical Team Member Larry OD
22、onnell FHWA Technical Team Member Derek Soden FHWA Technical Team Member Paula Allec Caltrans Technical Support Allen R. Marshall Allen R. Marshall Consulting LLC Manual Development Consultant 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplica
23、tion is a violation of applicable law. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Manual for Bridge Element Inspection vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 20122013 iii HIGHWAYS SUBCOMMITTEE O
24、N BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES, 2013 iv PREFACE v INTRODUCTION xiii SECTION 1: BACKGROUND . 1-1 1.1Condition Assessment Philosophy: Multipath and Defect Concepts 1-1 1.2National Bridge Elements (NBEs) 1-1 1.3Bridge Management Elements (BMEs) 1-1 1.4Agency-Developed Elements (ADEs) 1-1 1.5How to Use This M
25、anual 1-2 1.6Organization 1-2 SECTION 2: ELEMENT LOCATION MATRIX 2-1 2.1National Bridge Elements . 2-1 2.1.1Decks and Slabs 2-1 2.1.2Railings . 2-1 2.1.3Superstructure . 2-2 2.1.4Bearings 2-2 2.1.5Substructure 2-3 2.1.6Culverts . 2-3 2.2Bridge Management Elements 2-3 2.2.1Joints . 2-3 2.2.2Approach
26、Slabs . 2-4 2.2.3Wearing Surfaces, Protective Coatings, and Concrete Reinforcing Steel Protective Systems . 2-4 SECTION 3: DETAILED ELEMENT DESCRIPTIONS 3-1 3.1Decks and Slabs 3-1 3.1.1Element 12Reinforced Concrete Deck 3-2 3.1.2Element 13Prestressed Concrete Deck . 3-4 3.1.3Element 38Reinforced Con
27、crete Slab . 3-6 3.1.4Element 15Prestressed Concrete Top Flange 3-8 3.1.5Element 16Reinforced Concrete Top Flange 3-10 3.1.6Element 28Steel Deck with Open Grid . 3-12 3.1.7Element 29Steel Deck with Concrete Filled Grid . 3-13 3.1.8Element 30Steel Deck Corrugated/Orthotropic/Etc. . 3-14 3.1.9Element
28、31Timber Deck . 3-15 3.1.10Element 54Timber Slab 3-17 3.1.11Element 60Other Deck 3-19 3.1.12Element 65Other Slab . 3-21 3.2Railings . 3-23 3.2.1Element 330Metal Bridge Railing 3-24 3.2.2Element 331Reinforced Concrete Bridge Railing . 3-25 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transpo
29、rtation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viii Manual for Bridge Element Inspection 3.2.3Element 332Timber Bridge Railing 3-26 3.2.4Element 333Other Bridge Railing . 3-28 3.2.5Element 334Masonry Bridge Railing . 3-30 3.3Superstructure . 3-32 3.3.1Girders 3-3
30、2 3.3.1.1Element 102Steel Closed Web/Box Girder 3-33 3.3.1.2Element 104Prestressed Concrete Closed Web/Box Girder . 3-34 3.3.1.3Element 105Reinforced Concrete Closed Web/Box Girder . 3-36 3.3.1.4Element 106Other Closed Web/Box Girder . 3-37 3.3.1.5Element 107Steel Open Girder/Beam . 3-39 3.3.1.6Elem
31、ent 109Prestressed Concrete Open Girder/Beam . 3-40 3.3.1.7Element 110Reinforced Concrete Open Girder/Beam 3-41 3.3.1.8Element 111Timber Open Girder/Beam . 3-42 3.3.1.9Element 112Other Open Girder/Beam 3-44 3.3.2Stringers 3-46 3.3.2.1Element 113Steel Stringer 3-47 3.3.2.2Element 115Prestressed Concr
32、ete Stringer . 3-48 3.3.2.3Element 116Reinforced Concrete Stringer . 3-49 3.3.2.4Element 117Timber Stringer 3-50 3.3.2.5Element 118Other Stringer . 3-52 3.3.3Trusses/Arches 3-54 3.3.3.1Element 120Steel Truss 3-55 3.3.3.2Element 135Timber Truss 3-56 3.3.3.3Element 136Other Truss . 3-58 3.3.3.4Element
33、 141Steel Arch . 3-60 3.3.3.5Element 142Other Arch 3-61 3.3.3.6Element 143Prestressed Concrete Arch 3-63 3.3.3.7Element 144Reinforced Concrete Arch 3-65 3.3.3.8Element 145Masonry Arch . 3-67 3.3.3.9Element 146Timber Arch . 3-68 3.3.4Floor Beams 3-70 3.3.4.1Element 152Steel Floor Beam 3-71 3.3.4.2Ele
34、ment 154Prestressed Concrete Floor Beam . 3-72 3.3.4.3Element 155Reinforced Concrete Floor Beam . 3-73 3.3.4.4Element 156Timber Floor Beam 3-74 3.3.4.5Element 157Other Floor Beam . 3-76 3.3.5Miscellaneous Superstructure Elements . 3-78 3.3.5.1Element 147Steel Main Cables . 3-79 3.3.5.2Element 148Sec
35、ondary Steel Cables 3-80 3.3.5.3Element 149Other Secondary Cable . 3-81 3.3.5.4Element 161Steel Pin and Pin any changes of this type will not be marked in any way so as not to distract the reader from the technical changes. Please note that in response to user concerns, page breaks are now being add
36、ed within sections between non-contiguous articles. This change makes it an option to insert the changes closer to the affected articles. 2014 Changed Articles SECTION 1: BACKGROUND 1.5 SECTION 3: DETAILED ELEMENT DESCRIPTIONS 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.11 3.1.12 3.2.2 3.2.4 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.3 3
37、.3.1.4 3.3.1.6 3.3.1.7 3.3.1.9 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.5 3.3.3.3 3.3.3.5 3.3.3.6 3.3.3.7 3.3.4.2 3.3.4.3 3.3.4.5 3.5.1.2 3.5.1.3 3.5.1.4 3.5.1.8 3.5.1.9 3.5.2.1 3.5.2.4 3.5.3.1 3.5.3.3 3.5.3.4 3.5.3.6 3.5.3.8 3.5.3.9 3.5.3.11 3.6.2 3.6.4 3.6.6 3.9.1 3.9.2 APPENDIX D: MATERIALS AND DEFECTS BY MATERIAL
38、TYPE D.2.2 D2.3 D2.5 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of app
39、licable law.Manual for Bridge Element Inspection xiii INTRODUCTION The proper assessment of the condition of bridge elements is the cornerstone of sound bridge management. The introduction of element inspection condition methods in the early 1990s represented a significant advancement in bridge insp
40、ection practice and has been adopted by the vast majority of the state transportation departments in the United States. Bridge owners nationwide have recognized the benefits of detailed condition assessments through the use of the raw inspection information, expanded performance measures, and bridge
41、 management system deterioration forecasting and evaluation. As the use of element-level inspection techniques has proliferated, the need for updates and enhancements to the standard element specification has been identified. This manual incorporates improvements through changes in the measurement u
42、nits of decks and slabs, the development of a wearing surface element, the standardization of the number of element states, and the development of protective coating elements for concrete and steel, as well as deck protection systems. Elements constructed of innovative materials are also identified.
43、 The goal of this manual is to completely capture the condition of bridges in a simple, effective way that can be standardized across the nation while providing the flexibility to be adapted to both large- and small-agency settings. This manual is not intended to supplant proper bridge and element i
44、nspection training or the exercise of engineering judgment by the inspector or professional engineer. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.1-1 SECTION 1: BACKGROUND 1.1CONDITION ASSESSMENT PHI
45、LOSOPHY: MULTIPATH AND DEFECT CONCEPTS The Manual for Bridge Element Inspection (this manual) builds on the element-level condition assessment methods developed in the AASHTO Guide for Commonly Recognized Structural Elements. Improvements have been made to fully capture the condition of the elements
46、 by reconfiguring the element language to utilize multiple distress paths within the defined condition states. The multipath distress language provides the means to fully incorporate all possible defects within the overall condition assessment of the element. The overall condition of an element can
47、be utilized in this aggregate form, or broken down into specific defects present as desired by the agency for Bridge Management System (BMS) use. This manual provides a comprehensive set of bridge elements that is designed to be flexible in nature to satisfy the needs of all agencies. The complete s
48、et of elements captures the components necessary for an agency to manage all aspects of the bridge inventory utilizing the full capability of a BMS. The element set presented within includes two element types identified as National Bridge Elements (NBEs) or Bridge Management Elements (BMEs). The com
49、bination of these two element types comprise the full AASHTO element set. All of the elements, whether they are NBEs or BMEs, have the same general condition assessment characteristics: 1. Standard number of condition states is four. 2. The standard condition states are good, fair, poor, and severe general descriptions. 3. Units of measure are length in feet, area in square feet, and each for enumerated elements. 1.2NATIONAL BRIDGE ELEME
