AASHTO PH12-2016 PRACTITIONER S HANDBOOK ASSESSING INDIRECT EFFECTS AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS UNDER NEPA (Revision 2).pdf
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1、Assessing Indirect Effects and Cumulative Impacts under NEPA 1 AASHTO PRACTITIONERS HANDBOOK The Practitioners Handbooks are produced by the Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO. The Handbooks provide practical advice on a range of environmental issues that arise during the planning, develo
2、pment, and operation of transportation projects. The Handbooks are primarily intended for use by project managers and others who are responsible for coordinating compliance with a wide range of regulatory requirements. With their needs in mind, each Handbook includes: key issues to consider; a backg
3、round briefing; practical tips for achieving compliance; and a list of reference materials. In addition, key regulations, guidance materials, and sample documents for each Handbook are posted on the Centers web site at http:/environment.transportation.org. American Association of State Highway and T
4、ransportation Officials Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO 12 August 2016 ASSESSING INDIRECT EFFECTS AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS UNDER NEPA This Handbook is intended to assist practitioners in assessing indirect effects and cumulative impacts in the evaluation of transportation proj- ects unde
5、r the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Issues covered in this Handbook include: Understanding the definitions of direct effects, indirect effects, and cumulative impacts Gathering the information needed for the analysis Deciding the appropriate scope and level of detail Carrying out the ana
6、lysis Identifying mitigation opportunities Documenting the analysis Using the transportation planning process to support NEPA- level studies of indirect effects and cumulative impactsCopyright 2016, Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportati
7、on Officials). All Rights Reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Highway Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. DT
8、FH61-07-H-00019. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Highway Administration. 2016 by the Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO. All rights reserved. Duplicat
9、ion is a violation of applicable law.Assessing Indirect Effects and Cumulative Impacts under NEPA 1 The requirement to assess indirect and cumulative impacts of proposed Federal actions was established in the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations implementing the National Environmental
10、Policy Act (NEPA). Indirect effects are caused by the project or plan, but are separated from direct effects by time and/or distance. Indirect effects include induced growth and related environmental impacts. Cumulative impacts are the aggregate result of the incremental direct and indirect effects
11、of a project or plan, the effects of past and present actions, and effects of reasonably foreseeable future actions by others on resources of concern. This Handbook focuses primarily on the assessment of indirect effects and cumulative impacts for individual transportation projects. This Handbook al
12、so briefly describes a range of approaches for using the statewide or metropolitan transportation planning process to address indirect effects and cumulative impacts for a region or corridor, including the possibility of adopting a planning-level analysis for use in the NEPA process for an individua
13、l project. A consistent theme throughout this Handbook is the importance of maintaining a clear distinction between an indirect effects analysis and a cumulative impacts analysis. For that reason, those analyses are addressed separately in the Practical Tips section of the Handbook. Background Brief
14、ing This section introduces the key terms and concepts used in the assessment of indirect effects and cumulative impacts in the NEPA process. It also briefly describes key guidance documents. For a more extensive listing of guidance documents and research reports relating to indirect and cumulative
15、impacts analyses, refer to the Reference Materials section of this Handbook. Key Terms and Concepts Direct Effects. The CEQ regulations state that direct effects are “caused by the action and occur at the same time and place” 1Direct effects are typically well understood and predictable. Direct effe
16、cts are action-focused effects. Examples of common direct effects for transportation projects include residential and business displacements, the fill of wetlands to construct a roadway, or the removal of a historic structure. Indirect Effects. Indirect effects are those effects that “. . . are caus
17、ed by the action and are later in time and farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable.” Indirect effects “may include growth-inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density, or growth rate, and related effects on air
18、 and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems.” 2Indirect effects are action-focused effects. Two types of indirect effects are commonly recognized: induced-growth effects and encroachment-alteration effects. 3 Induced-Growth Effects. Induced-growth effects are changes in the location,
19、magnitude, or pace of future development that result from changes in accessibility caused by the project. An example of an induced-growth effect is commercial development occurring around a new interchange and the environmental impacts associated with this development. 1 40 CFR 1508.8. 2 40 CFR 1508
20、.8. 3 NCHRP Report 466, “Desk Reference for Estimating the Indirect Effects of Proposed Transportation Projects” (2002), p. 55. Overview 2016 by the Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.2 Assessing Indirect Effects and Cumul
21、ative Impacts under NEPA Encroachment-Alteration Effects. Encroachment-alteration effects are physical, chemical, or biological changes in the environment that occur as a result of the project but are removed in time or distance from the direct effects. An example of an encroachment effect is a long
22、-term decline in the viability of a population of a particular species as a result of habitat fragmentation caused by the project. These types of effects are sometimes categorized as direct effects rather than indirect effects. The categorization is not important as long as the NEPA document demonst
23、rates that the encroachment-alteration effects have been considered. Cumulative Impacts. A cumulative impact is “the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agenc
24、y (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.” 4 Distinctions between Direct, Indirect, and Cumulative Impacts TYPE OF EFFECT DIRECT INDIRECT CUMULATIV
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