1、 Standard Practice for Intelligent Compaction Technology for Embankment and Asphalt Pavement Applications AASHTO Designation: PP 81-141American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-5c PP 81-1 AASHTO Standard Prac
2、tice for Intelligent Compaction Technology for Embankment and Asphalt Pavement Applications AASHTO Designation: PP 81-1411. SCOPE 1.1. This work shall consist of compaction of roadway embankment, or asphalt pavement, or both, using Intelligent Compaction (IC) rollers within the limits of the work de
3、scribed in the plans or provisions. 1.2. IC is defined as a process that uses rollers equipped with a measurement-documentation system that automatically records compaction parameters (e.g., spatial location, stiffness, temperature, pass count, vibration amplitude and frequency) in real-time during
4、the compaction process. IC rollers equipped with accelerometers use roller vibration measurements to assess mechanistic material properties and to ensure that optimum compaction and uniformity is achieved through continuous monitoring of operations. 1.3. The contractor shall supply sufficient number
5、s of rollers, and other associated equipment, necessary to complete the compaction requirements for the specific materials. 1.4. This specification is to be applied during the contractors quality control. 1.5. All tasks are the contractors responsibility, unless designated otherwise within this prov
6、ision. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 146, Terms Relating to Subgrade, Soil-Aggregate, and Fill Materials 2.2. ASTM Standards: None 2.3. Other Documents: Christopher, B. R., Schwartz, C., and Boudreau, R., Geotechnical Aspects of Pavements: Reference Manual/Participant Workbook, FH
7、WA-NHI Course Number 132040, Publication No. FHWA NHI-05-037, U.S. Agency of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, May 2006. Mooney, M. A., Rinehart, R. V., Facas, N. W., Musimbi, O. M., White, D. J. and Vennapusa, Pavana K. R. “Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems.” NCHRP Report 676, Proje
8、ct 21-09, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-2 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions: 3.1.1. clouda Web-based user interface
9、. 3.1.1.1. cloud storagenetwork storage (typically the Internet) where the IC data are stored in virtualized pools of storage. 3.1.1.2. cloud computingthe use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network to enable near, real-time visualization (maps)
10、and manipulation of IC data. 3.1.2. coordinate systema system that uses one or more numbers or coordinates to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a manifold such as Euclidean space. 3.1.2.1. geodetic coordinatesa non-earth-centric coordinate system used to descri
11、be a position in longitude, latitude, and altitude above the imaginary ellipsoid surface based on a specific geodetic datum. WGS-84 and NAD83 datum are required for use with UTM and State Plane, respectively. 3.1.2.2. state plane coordinatesa set of 124 geographic zones or coordinate systems designe
12、d for specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. There are 110 zones in the continental United States, with 10 more in Alaska, 5 in Hawaii, and 1 for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The syste
13、m is widely used for geographic data by state and local governments because it uses a Cartesian coordinate system to specify locations rather than a spherical coordinate system. By ignoring the curvature of the earth, “plane surveying” methods can be used, speeding up and simplifying calculations. A
14、dditionally, the system is highly accurate within each zone (error less than 1:10,000). Outside a specific state plane zone, accuracy rapidly declines, thus the system is not useful for regional or national mapping. The current state plane coordinates are based on NAD 83. Issues may arise when a pro
15、ject crosses state plane boundaries. 3.1.2.3. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)a metric-based, geographic coordinate system that uses a 2-dimensional (2 D) Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the earth. This system divides the earth between 80S and 84N latitude into 60
16、zones, each a six-degree band of longitude width, and uses a secant Transverse Mercator projection in each zone (the scale is reduced so that the cylinder slices through the model globe). Zone 1 covers longitude 180 to 174W; zone numbering increases eastward to zone 60 that covers longitude 174 to 1
17、80 E. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-3 AASHTO Figure 1Image of UTM Zones in the United States 3.1.3. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)the primary time standard by which the wo
18、rld regulates time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is synonymous with GMT. It is based on a 24-hr time scale from the mean solar time at the earths prime meridian (0 longitude) located near Greenwich, England. 3.1.4. datameasureme
19、nts recorded by the instrumented roller, or information generated/processed from these measurements (e.g., GPS coordinates, stiffness, temperature, pass count, speed, frequency, amplitude). 3.1.4.1. gridded all passes dataincludes all measurement passes recorded for a given grid (see Figure 2). This
20、 data is generally used to build compaction curves for establishment of rolling patterns. Figure 2Schematic of Coverage, Gridded All Passes Data and Gridded Final Coverage Data 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violat
21、ion of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-4 AASHTO 3.1.4.2. gridded dataprocessed from the raw data using meshes. The raw data is duplicated over the meshes for the entire roller drum width, resulting in multiple data points covering the drum width (see Figure 3). This process is used to track partial drum
22、overlaps among passes. Figure 3Schematic of Gridded IC Data 3.1.4.3. gridded final coverage datasummarizes the final (last) measurement passes recorded for a given grid (e.g., total pass count, last stiffness, last temperature see Figure 2). 3.1.4.4. mesha collection of vertices connected to other v
23、ertices that defines the shape of the roller drum in 2D polygons (typically multiple squares). The defined data mesh size is generally 0.3 m by 0.3 m (1 ft by 1 ft) in horizontal directions (see Figure 3). 3.1.4.5. raw datadata recorded during compaction operations prior to the gridding process. It
24、consists of one data point for a roller drum width, recorded at approximately 10 Hz or 0.3 m (1 ft) intervals. Therefore, the data mesh (data footprint) is about one drum width by 0.3 m (1 ft) (see Figure 4). Figure 4Schematic of Raw Data RollerWidthRolling DirectionMeshData Point RollerWidth Data F
25、oot PrintData Point 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-5 AASHTO 3.1.4.6. Vedaa standardized intelligent construction data management (ICDM) software that stores, maps and analyze
26、s IC and associated geospatial data (e.g., thermal profile data, spot test data). This software can perform standardized data processing, analysis, and reporting to provide project summary results quickly in the field from various IC manufacturers. In particular, the software can provide statistics,
27、 histograms, correlations for the IC measurements (e.g., speed, temperature, pass count, ICMV), and document coverage area; and it can evaluate the uniformity of compaction as part of the project quality control operations. 3.1.5. design filesdatabases containing the vector image data of the roadway
28、 alignment. Design files can be exported from software programs in various formats (e.g., DWG, KMZ, XML). 3.1.5.1. DGN filesare MicroStation Design Files. These files contain a database of 2D or 3D drawings containing vector image data of the alignment created with MicroStation. 3.1.5.2. DWG filesar
29、e AutoCAD Drawing Database files. These files contain a database of 2D or 3D drawings containing vector image data of the alignment created with AutoCAD. 3.1.5.3. KML filesare Keyhole Markup Language files that store geographic modeling information in XML format. These files contain points, lines, p
30、olygons, and images; they are used to identify and label locations, overlay textures, and add HTML content. 3.1.5.4. KMZ filesstore the alignment in a format viewable in Google Earth (a global mapping program that provides a birds eye view of locations throughout the United States and other areas of
31、 the world). KMZ files are zipped KML files which make them easier to distribute and share with multiple users. 3.1.5.5. XML filesextensible markup language data files that use tags to define objects and object attributes; they are formatted much like an HTML document, but use custom tags to define
32、objects and the data within each object. These files are formatted as a text-based database, and therefore, can be edited by a basic text editor. 3.1.6. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)a satellite system that is used to pinpoint the geographic location of a users receiver anywhere in the wo
33、rld. Three GNSS systems are currently in operation: the United States Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federations Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and Europes Galileo. Each of the GNSS systems employs a constellation of orbiting satellites working in conjunction wi
34、th a network of ground stations. 3.1.6.1. Global Positioning System (GPS)a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. This system also provides the tim
35、e stamp needed for IC. 3.1.6.2. GPS base stationa GPS receiver at an accurately known fixed location that is used to derive correction information for nearby portable GPS receivers. This correction data allows propagation and other effects to be corrected out of the position data obtained by the por
36、table GPS receivers, which provides increased location precision and accuracy over the results obtained by uncorrected GPS receivers. This system consists of an antenna, radio, radio antenna, and power source. The radio and environment/physical conditions control the distance that the correction sig
37、nal travels. The typical range of the correction signal is about 3.2 km (2 miles) in radius without repeaters. A repeater may extend the distance an additional 3.2 km (2 miles). 3.1.6.3. Real Time Kinematic (RTK)RTK satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance the precision of the ground-base
38、d data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, Galileo). It uses measurements of the signals carrier wave and relies on a single reference station to provide real-time corrections that that can be within centimeter-level accuracy. 2014 by the American Association of Sta
39、te Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-6 AASHTO 3.1.6.4. RTK networka system that uses multiple base stations to provide high-accuracy GPS positioning within a coverage area that is generally larger than that covered by a
40、 ground-based GPS Base Station. 3.1.6.5. Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver (Rover)a portable radio/receiver used to determine GPS coordinates for given point locations. 3.1.6.6. Virtual Reference Station (VRS)networks that use RTK networks to provide high-accuracy, RTK Global Navigation Sate
41、llite Systems typically through the use of cellular wireless services (e.g., OminSTARTM, Trimble VRSTM, Trimble VRS NOWTM). 3.1.7. instrumented rollera self-propelled roller integrated with a position monitoring system and onboard documentation system that can display real-time, color-coded maps of
42、roller location, number of passes, roller speeds, and amplitude and vibration frequencies of the roller drum. Some systems are also equipped with drum vibration instrumentation, infrared temperature sensors, and/or automatic feedback control. The onboard documentation system on these rollers would a
43、lso display real-time, color-coded maps of stiffness response or pavement surface temperatures, or both. 3.1.7.1. automatic feedback controlautomatically adjusts roller operating settings, such as vibration frequency and amplitude, based upon real-time feedback from the drum vibration measurement sy
44、stem. 3.1.7.2. finishing rollerthe final roller used in the compaction process for the given layer. 3.1.7.3. instrumented roller failureoccurs when the instrumented roller system does not collect and/or store data in accordance with 4.5.1.5 and 4.5.1.6, and/or the roller becomes inoperable. 3.1.7.4.
45、 Intelligent Compaction (IC) rollerused synonymously with “instrumented roller.” 3.1.7.5. operating settingsroller settings (e.g., speed, direction, frequency, peak vertical force amplitude). 3.1.7.6. Intelligent Compaction Measurement Value (ICMV)the stiffness of the materials based on the response
46、 of the roller drum vibrations and underlying material responses. 3.1.8. layerthe total thickness of each material type. It may be comprised of single or multiple lifts. 3.1.8.1. basesee AASHTO M 146, Standard Specification for Terms Relating to Subgrade, Soil-Aggregate, and Fill Materials. 3.1.8.2.
47、 embankmentsee AASHTO M 146, Standard Specification for Terms Relating to Subgrade, Soil-Aggregate, and Fill Materials. 3.1.8.3. grading grade the surface of material immediately beneath the base. 3.1.8.4. layer identification (layer ID)the reference name of the material and lift currently being com
48、pacted (e.g., Aggregate Base Lift 1, Aggregate Base Lift 2, Asphalt Pavement Lift 1, Asphalt Pavement Lift 2). 3.1.8.5. lifta unit of material within a layer that is placed for compaction. 3.1.8.6. subbasesee AASHTO M 146, Standard Specification for Terms Relating to Subgrade, Soil-Aggregate, and Fi
49、ll Materials. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-7 AASHTO 3.1.8.7. subgradesee AASHTO M146, Standard Specification for Terms Relating to Subgrade, Soil-Aggregate, and Fill Materials. 3.1.8.8. top of subgrade
