1、Standard Practice for Compost for Erosion/Sediment Control (Filter Berms and Filter Socks) AASHTO Designation: R 51-131American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1a R 51-1 AASHTO Standard Practice for Compost
2、for Erosion/Sediment Control (Filter Berms and Filter Socks) AASHTO Designation: R 51-1311. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers compost produced from various organic by-products for use as filter berm media for erosion/sediment control. The technique described in this specification is primarily use
3、d for temporary erosion/sediment control applications where perimeter controls are required or necessary. 1.2. This technique is appropriate for slopes up to a 2:1 grade (horizontal distance:vertical distance) and on level surfaces and should be used only in areas that have sheet flow drainage patte
4、rns (not areas that receive concentrated flows). 1.3. The filter sock technology is appropriate for areas outlined in Section 1.2 as well as areas of high sheet flow erosion, around inlets, and in other disturbed areas of construction sites requiring sediment control. Unlike filter berms, the filter
5、 sock technology may be used in areas that have concentrated flow drainage patterns, up to 10 gal per minute per linear foot of filter sock. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. ASTM Standard: D2977, Standard Practice for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes 2.2. U.S. EPA Test Me
6、thod: U.S. EPA, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition 2.3. TMECC Sampling and Test Method: Test Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC), jointly published by the USDA and USCC (2002, publishing as a part of the USDA National Res
7、ource Conservation Technical Bulletin Series) 2.4. Other Standards: U.S. Composting Council Seal of Testing Assurance Program documents Development of Landscape Architecture Specifications for Compost Utilization, The U.S. Composting Council and the Clean Washington Center, 1997 2015 by the American
8、 Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1a R 51-2 AASHTO 3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 3.1. Compost is the product resulting from the controlled biological decomposition of organic material, occurring under aerobic cond
9、itions, which has been sanitized through the generation of heat and stabilized to the point that it is appropriate for its particular application. Active composting is typically characterized by a high-temperature phase that sanitizes the product and allows a high rate of decomposition, followed by
10、a lower-temperature phase that allows the product to stabilize while still decomposing at a slower rate. Compost should possess no objectionable odors or substances toxic to plants and shall not resemble the raw material from which it was derived. Compost contains plant nutrients but is typically no
11、t characterized as a fertilizer. 3.2. Compost may be derived from a variety of feedstocks, including agricultural, forestry, food, or industrial residuals; biosolids (treated sewage sludge); leaf and yard trimmings; manure; tree wood; or source-separated or mixed solid waste. 3.3. Proper thermophili
12、c composting, meeting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys definition for a “process to further reduce pathogens” (PFRP), will effectively reduce populations of human and plant pathogens, as well as destroy noxious weed seeds and propagules. 3.4. Compost is typically characterized as a finely s
13、creened and stabilized product that is used as a soil amendment. However, most composts also contain a wood-based fraction (e.g., bark, ground brush and tree wood, wood chips, etc.) that is typically removed before use as a soil amendment. This coarser, woody fraction of compost plays an important r
14、ole when compost is used in erosion and sediment control. It is even possible to add fresh, ground bark or composted, properly sized wood-based materials to a compost product, as necessary, to improve its efficacy in this application. 3.5. Compost products acceptable for this application must meet t
15、he chemical, physical, and biological parameters outlined in Section 4. 4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 4.1. Compost products specified for use in this application must meet the criteria specified in Table 1. The products parameters will vary based on whether vegetation will be esta
16、blished on the filter berm or the compost will be self-contained in a filter sock. 4.2. Only compost products that meet all applicable state and federal regulations pertaining to their production and distribution may be used in this application. Approved compost products must meet related state and
17、federal chemical contaminant (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides, etc.) and pathogen limits pertaining to the feedstocks (source materials) in which they were derived. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applic
18、able law.TS-1a R 51-3 AASHTO Table 1Filter Berm Media Parameters Parametersa,bReported as (Units of Measure) Filter Berm to Be Vegetated Filter Berm to Be Left Unvegetated Filter Sock Media pHcpH units 5.08.5 N/A 5.08.5 Soluble Salt Concentrationc(Electrical Conductivity) dS/m (mmhos/cm) Max 5 N/A N
19、/A Moisture Content %, wet weight basis 3060 3060 10 gal/min 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1a R 51-4 AASHTO Note 1Specifying the use of compost products that are certified by the U.S
20、. Composting Councils Seal of Testing Assurance (STA) Program (postingcouncil.org) will allow for the acquisition of products that are analyzed on a routine basis using the specified test methods. STA participants are also required to provide a standard product label to all customers, allowing easy
21、comparison to other products. 5. FIELD APPLICATIONS 5.1. The following steps shall be taken for the proper installation of compost as a filter berm or filter sock media for erosion/sediment control on both level and sloped areas. Either device should be placed as prescribed on the engineering plans.
22、 5.2. Filter Berms: 5.2.1. Parallel to the base of the slope, or around the perimeter of affected areas, construct a trapezoidal berm at the dimensions specified in Table 3. In general, when compost filter berms are used to control erosion/sediment near or on a slope, the base of the berm should be
23、twice the height of the berm. 5.2.2. Compost shall be applied to the dimensions specified in Table 3. Table 3Compost Filter Berm Dimensions Annual Rainfall/Flow Rate Total Precipitation and Rainfall Erosivity Index Dimensions for the Compost Filter Berm (Height by Width) Low 125 in., 2090 1 ft by 2
24、ft11/2ft by 3 ft (30 cm by 60 cm45 cm by 90 cm) Average 2650 in., 91200 1 ft by 2 ft11/2ft by 3 ft (30 cm by 60 cm45 cm by 90 cm) High 51 in. and above, 201 and above 11/2ft by 3 ft2 ft by 4 ft (45 cm by 90 cm60 cm by 120 cm) 5.2.3. Compost filter berm dimensions should be modified based on specific
25、 site (e.g., soil characteristics and existing vegetation) and climatic conditions, as well as particular project-related requirements. The severity of slope grade, as well as slope length, will also influence the size of the berm. 5.2.4. In regions subject to higher rates of precipitation or rainfa
26、ll intensity, or both, as well as spring snow melt, larger berms should be used. In these regions, and on sites possessing severe grades or long slope lengths, berms possessing a larger dimension may be used. Berms may be placed at the top and the base of the slope, a series of berms may be construc
27、ted down the profile of the slope (1525 ft apart), or berms may be used in conjunction with a compost blanket (surface applied compost). In these particular regions as well as regions subject to wind erosion, coarser compost products are also preferred for use in filter berm construction. 5.2.5. In
28、regions subject to lower rates of precipitation and/or rainfall intensity, smaller berms may be used. However, the minimum filter berm dimensions shall be 1 ft (30 cm) high by 2 ft (60 cm) wide. Note 2Specific regions may receive higher rainfall rates, but this rainfall is received through low-inten
29、sity rainfall events (e.g., the Northwestern United States). These regions may use smaller berms. 5.2.6. Larger berms should also be used where required to be in place and functioning for more than 1 year. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights rese
30、rved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1a R 51-5 AASHTO 5.2.7. Compost shall be uniformly applied using an approved spreader unit, such as a pneumatic blower, specialized berm machine, etc. When applied, the compost should be directed at the soil surface, compacting (settling) and sha
31、ping the berm to some degree. The filter berm may also be applied by hand when approved by the project engineer or landscape designer. 5.2.8. On highly unstable soils, use compost filter berms in conjunction with appropriate structural measures. If used in conjunction with a silt fence, the silt fen
32、ce fabric shall be laid on the soil surface with the lip facing the slope. The compost filter berm shall be constructed at the uphill base of the silt fence and over the entire fence fabric lip. 5.2.9. Seeding the berm may be done, if desired, in conjunction with pneumatic blowing, or following berm
33、 construction with a hydraulic seeding unit, or by hand. 5.3. Filter Socks: 5.3.1. Filter socks shall either be made on site or delivered to the job site. The filter sock shall be produced from a 5-mil-thick continuous high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filament, woven into a tubular mesh netting mate
34、rial with openings in the knitted mesh of 3/8in. (10 mm) or a multifilament polypropylene tubular mesh netting material with 1/8-in. (3-mm) openings. This shall then be filled with compost meeting the specifications outlined in Table 1 to the diameter of the sock. Filter sock netting materials are a
35、lso available in biodegradable plastics for areas where removal and disposal are not planned. Filter socks contain the compost, allowing filtration to occur even during peak storm events and concentrated flows. 5.3.2. Filter socks will be placed at locations indicated on plans as directed by the eng
36、ineer. Filter socks should be installed parallel to the base of the slope or other affected area, perpendicular to sheet flow. In extreme conditions (i.e., 2:1 slopes), or when sheet flow flows to the area from a parcel above the work zone, a second sock shall be constructed at the top of the slope
37、in order to dissipate flows. 5.3.3. At locations where greater than a 200-ft-long section of ground is to be treated with a filter sock, the sock lengths should be sleeved. After one sock section (200 ft) is filled and tied off (knotted) or zip tied, the second sock section shall be pulled over the
38、first (12 ft) and “sleeved,” creating an overlap. Once overlapped, the second section is filled with compost starting at the sleeved area to create a seamless appearance. The socks may be staked at the overlapped area (where the sleeve is) to keep the sections together. Sleeving at the joints is nec
39、essary because it reduces the opportunity for water to penetrate the joint when installed in the field. 5.3.4. In general, a 12-in.-diameter filter sock will replace a normal (24-in.) silt fence, and an 18-in.-diameter filter sock will replace a “super silt” (36-in.) silt fence reinforced with steel
40、 posts. 5.3.5. If the filter sock is to be left as a permanent filter or part of the natural landscape, it may be seeded at time of installation for establishment of permanent vegetation. The engineer shall specify seed requirements. 5.3.6. Filter socks may be used in direct flow situations perpendi
41、cular to runoff channels not exceeding 3 ft (90 cm) in depth. Normally, 8-in. filter socks should be used. Be sure to stake the filter sock perpendicular to water flow, at a minimum interval of 10 linear feet, using 2-in. (5-cm) wooden stakes. The stakes should be projected through the center of the
42、 filter sock and into the soil 1 ft (30 cm) deep and leaving 34 in. (7.510 cm) protruding above the filter sock. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1a R 51-6 AASHTO 6. TEST METHODS 6.1. T
43、he chemical, physical, and biological analysis of the compost shall be determined in accordance with the Test Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC), jointly published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Composting Council (2002, publishing as a part of the USDA
44、 National Resource Conservation Technical Bulletin Series). (See Appendix X1.) 6.2. ASTM D2977 shall be used to determine gradation of the compost. 7. SAMPLING, INSPECTION, PACKING, AND MARKING 7.1. The sampling, testing, packing, and marking of compost samples shall be done in accordance with TMECC
45、 02.01-B (Selection of Sampling Locations for Windrows and Piles). 8. KEYWORDS 8.1. Compost; compost logs; compost socks; compost tubes; compost wattles; erosion control; filter berm; filter logs; filter socks; filter tubes; sediment control; sheet flow. APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) X1. MET
46、HODS FOR THE SAMPLING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOST X1.1. Sampling procedures to be used for purposes of this specification (and the Seal of Testing Assurance Program) are as provided in 02.01, Field Sampling of Compost Materials, and 02.01-B, Selection of Sampling Locations for Windrows and Piles
47、 of the Test Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC), Chapter 2, Section One, Sample Collection and Laboratory Preparation, jointly published by the USDA and USCC (2002, publishing as a part of the USDA National Resource Conservation Technical Bulletin Series). The sample colle
48、ction section is available online at http:/compostingcouncil.org. X1.2. Test Methods to be used for purposes of this specification are as provided in the Test Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC), jointly published by the USDA and USCC (2002, publishing as a part of the USDA
49、 National Resource Conservation Technical Bulletin Series). A list of such methods is provided in the table below and online at http:/compostingcouncil.org. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1a R 51-7 AASHTO Table X1.1Test Methods for Compost Characterization Compost Parameters Reported as Test Method Test Method Name pH TMECC 04.11-A Electrometric pH Determinations for Compost. 1:5 Slurry Method. Soluble Salts dS/m (mmhos/cm
