1、HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN and OPERATIONS GUIDE 1997 MRICAM ASSOCIATION Qf STATE HIWWN and TRANSPORfAT+ON QFRCIALS WASHINGTON, D.C. -1 444 NORTH CAPITOL STREET NW SUITE 249 BEST HARDCOPY AVAILABLE COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling Se
2、rvices, I STD.AASHT0 SRCH SR-3-ENGL I1997 m Ob39804 0045949 502 m HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN and O PE RAT1 O N S GUIDE - 1997 AMERICAN ASSOCiATION of STATE HIGHWAY and TRANSPORTATION OFFMLS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20001 444 NQRTH CAPITOL STREET NW CUITE $49 ISBN 1-56051-041-2 COPYRIGHT American Association Of S
3、tate Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling ServicesAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W, Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 Copyright 1997 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
4、All Rights Reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. (202) 624-5800 ISBN: 1-5605 1-041-2 COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Informati
5、on Handling ServicesSTD-AASMTGi SRCH SR-3-ENGL 1997 063980Y OOLi575L Lb0 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE-1 995 President: Vice President: Secretary-Treasurer: ELECTED REGIONAL MEMBERS Region I Region II Region III Region IV NONVOTING MEMBERS Exe
6、cutive Director: Wayne Shackelford, Georgia William Bumett, Texas Clyde E. Pyers, Maryland Betty Hager Francis, District of Columbia G. M. Roberts, Alabama Charles Thompson, Wisconsin Donald Diller, Wyoming Francis B. Francois, District of Columbia iii COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway
7、 and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-AASHTO SRCH SR-3-ENGL I1997 0639804 0045952 OT7 STANDING COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY Chairman: James u! van Loben Sels, California Vice Chairman: Thomas Werner, New York Secretary: Frederick G. Wright, FHWA TASK FORCE ON
8、HIGH WAY SAFETY DESIGN AND OPERATIONS GUIDE-1 995 Chairman: David R. Gehr, Virginia Members and Members Representa tives: Bruce Thompson, California Ed Rice, Florida Tom Hicks, Maryland Jimmy M. Lynch, North Carolina Dwayne Hofstetter, Oregon Don Pruter, Wyoming James L. Pline, Consultant J. Lynwood
9、 Butner, Virginia Joseph J. Lasek, FHWA (Coordinator) iv COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling Services1997 Ob39804 0045953 T33 W HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN Chairman: Vacant Vice Chairman: Kenneth C. Afferton, New Jersey (609) 5
10、30-2529 Secretary: William A. Weseman, FHWA (202) 366-0392 Alabama, Don Arkle, William E. McCraney, J. E Caraway Alaska, Loren Rasmussen Arizona, Dallis B. Saxton, John L. Louis Arkansas, Bob Walters, Paul DeBusk California, Don Benjamin, Alan Glen Colorado, James E. Siebels, Kenneth Mauro Connectic
11、ut, Earle R. Munroe, Bradley J. Smith, James E Byrnes, Jr. Delaware, Michael A. Angelo, Chao H. Hu, Raymond M. Harbeson, Joseph Satterfield, Michael Simmons D.C., Sanford H. Vinick, Luke DiPompo Florida, Freddie Simmons Georgia, Walker Scott, Hoyt J. Lively, Jim Hawaii, Kenneth W. G. Wong Idaho, Dou
12、g Chase, Loren Thomas Illinois, Ken Lazar Indiana, Phelps H. Klika, David M. Iowa, George Sisson, Donald L. East, Dave Kansas, James Brewer, Richard G. Adams Kentucky, Charles S. Raymer, John Sacksteder, Steve Williams Louisiana, Kent Israel, William Hickey, Nick Kalivado Maine, Michael Burns Maryla
13、nd, Robert D. Douglass Massachusetts, Stanley W. Wood, Jr., Thomas E Broderick, III Michigan, Charles J. Arnold Minnesota, Gerald Rohrbach, Charles Kenner1 y Pluckebaum Little Arnold Mississippi, Wendel T. Ruff, J. Richard Missouri, Frank Carroll, Bob Sfreddo Montana, Ronald E. Williams, Carl S. Pei
14、l Nebraska, Donald L. Turek, Eldon D. Nevada, Jim Dodson, Steve R. Oxoby New Hampshire, Gilbert S. Rogers New Jersey, Kenneth Afferton, Walter W. Caddell, Charles A. Goessel, Jim Snyder Young PoPPe New Mexico, Charles V. F! Tnijillo New York, Vacant North Carolina, Don Morton, Tom Shearin North Dako
15、ta, David K. O. Leer, Ken Birst Ohio, Donald K. Huhman, Christopher L. Oklahoma, Bruce E. Taylor, C. Wayne Oregon, Tom Lulay Pennsylvania, Mahendra G. Patel, Dean Schreiber Puerto Rico, Jose E. Hernandez Rhode Island, J. Michael Bennett South Carolina, William M. DuBose South Dakota, Larry Engbrecht
16、, Monte Schneider, Timothy Bjorneberg Tennessee, Paul Morrison, Clellon Loveall Texas, Robert Wilson, Mark Marek U.S. Department of Transportation, John Rice (FAA), Thomas O. Willett, William A. Weseman, Seppo Sillan (FHWA) Utah, Kim Schvaneveldt, l? K. Mohanty Vermont, Robert M. Murphy, Donald H. V
17、irginia, E. C. Cochran, Jr., D. O. Litton, Washington, Dennis Jackson West Virginia, Norman Rouch, Randolph Wisconsin, Robert Pfeiffer Wyoming, David J. Hanlin, Paul Bercich, Runyan Philliber, Clee Turbyfill Lathrop, John L. Armstrong J. R. Bowles EPPerlY Bob Milburn V COPYRIGHT American Association
18、 Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-AASHTO SRCH SR-3-ENGL 1997 AFFILIATE MEMBERS Alberta, Allan Kwan British Columbia, Merv Clark Hong Kong, H. S. Kwong Manitoba, A. Boychuk Manana Islands, Elizabeth H. Salas- New Brunswick, C. Herbert Page Newfoun
19、dland, Terry McCarthy Northwest Territories, Peter Vician Nova Scotia, Al Mache Ontario, Gerry McMillan Saskatchewan, Tom Gutek Balajadia Ob39804 0045954 9T ASSOCIATE MEMBERSSTATE Massachusetts Metropolitan District Commission, E. Leo Lydon New Jersey Turnpike Authority, Arthur A. Linfante, Jr. Port
20、 Authority of New York and New Jersey, Harry Schmer1 ASSOCIATE MEMBER-FEDERAL Bureau of Indian Affairs, Division of Transportation, Kirno Natewa U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tom Pettigrew AASHTO Staff Liaison: Amy Steiner, (202) 624-5800 vi COPYRIGHT American Association Of State
21、Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTDmAASMTO SRCH SR-3-ENGL 1997 m Ob39804 0045955 TABLE OF CONTENTS . Preface xu1 Chapter 1 . introduction 1 Background 1 The Changing Highway Environment 2 Vehicle Size and Mix 2 Congestion and Changes in Highway Usage 3 Plann
22、ing for the Future 3 Predicting Future Uses 3 Solutions through Technology 3 Purpose and Use of the Guide 4 Elderly Drivers 2 Purpose 4 Application 4 Organization 4 References 5 Chapter 2 . Design Concepts for Safe Highways 7 7 Crash Statistics . 7 Causes of Crashes 8 Opportunities for Efficient Saf
23、ety Enhancement 8 Identifying Highway Safety Levels . Safety Management 8 General Design Considerations 9 Desirable Versus Minimum Design Criteria 9 Human Factors Design Consistency . 11 Specific Design Elements 11 Horizontal and Vertical Alignments 12 Pavements 12 Roadsides 13 Trucks 14 Pedestrians
24、 and Bicyclists 14 Design Speed 11 Access Management 12 8Ob vi i COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD.AASHTQ SRCH SR-3-ENGL 1997 CIL39804 004595b 742 Adverse Environmental Conditions 15 Traffic Management 15 Transportat
25、ion Systems Management 15 Intelligent Transportation Systems 16 References 17 Chapter 3 . Freeways 19 Roadway Design Features 19 Design Speed 19 Lane and Shoulder Width 19 Delineation 21 Signing 21 Lighting 25 Trafic Management 26 Pavement Markings and Markers 20 Special Features and Considerations
26、28 High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes 28 Rest Areas 28 Toll Booths 29 Accident Investigation Sites 29 Disabled, Abandoned. or Stopped Vehicles on Shoulders 30 Truck Considerations 30 Rumble Strips on Shoulders 32 Glare Screens on Bamers 32 Median Crossovers 34 Piers and Abutments 35 Bridge Rails and Trans
27、itions 36 Narrow Bridges 37 Dual Structures 37 Roadsides and Medians 37 Traversable Roadsides and Medians 37 Bridge Structures 34 Bridge Cross-Section Design 37 Sign and Luminaire Supports and Fences 38 Barrier Systems and Crash Cushions 39 Landscaping 40 Interchanges 41 Utility Pole Accommodation 4
28、0 Design Consistency 42 Lane Continuity and Lane Balance 42 Tmcks 42 Interchange Spacing 44 Interchange Types 44 viii COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling Services STD-AASHTQ SRCM SR-3-ENGL I1777 Ob39804 0045757 b89 Ramps 45 Weavin
29、g Areas 49 interchanges 49 References 51 Crossroad Considerations 47 Accommodating Pedestrians and Bicyclists at Urban and Suburban Chapter 4 . Rural Highways 53 Roadway Design and Operational Considerations 53 Continuity of Design and Operations 53 Design Speed 54 Design Criteria 54 Passing Zones 5
30、6 Passing Lanes 56 Climbing Lanes 57 Roadsides and Medians 58 Roadside Features and Safety Appurtenances 58 Medians 64 Access Management 64 Median Breaks 64 Intersections 65 Design Features 65 Operational Features 67 Bridges and Bridge Approaches 68 Identifying Substandard Bridge Rails and Bridge Ap
31、proaches 68 Improving Bridge Rails and Bridge Approaches 70 Narrow Bridges 72 Special Considerations 72 Pedestrians and Bicyclicts 72 Slow and Oversized Vehicles 73 Railroad Grade Crossings 74 Wildlife 77 Mailboxes 77 References 78 Speed Zones 56 Driveways 64 Chapter 5 . Urban and Suburban Highways
32、81 Roadway Design Considerations 82 Design Speed for Safety Appurtenances and Other Roadside Features 82 Shoulders and Curbs 82 Handling Design Inconsistency in Rapidly Developing Suburban Areas 83 ix . COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information
33、Handling ServicesConflict Between Capacity and Safety in Adding a Turn Lane 84 Designing for Bicycles 84 Roadsides and Medians 85 Roadside Obstacles 85 Sidewalks 86 Roadside Features and Safety Appurtenances 88 Raised and Two-way Left-Turn Lane (Flush) Medians 91 Landscaping 93 Control of Access 94
34、Median Breaks 95 Operational Features 95 Traffic Signs 95 Speed Zones 96 Transit Stops . -97 Intersections 97 Design Features 97 Operational Features 101 Special Considerations 104 Grade Separations for Pedestrians 104 Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodation on Urban Bridges 105 Access Management 94 Se
35、rvice Roads 94 References 106 Chapter 6 . Maintaining Highway Safety 109 Maintenance Staff Knowledge and Training 109 Opportunities for Safety Enhancement 109 Scheduling Safety Inspections and Repairs 110 Considerations in Repairing Highway Features 110 Special Maintenance Concerns 111 Barrier Termi
36、nals 111 Longitudinal Barriers 111 Guardrails 112 Crash Cushions 112 Routine Maintenance 112 Pavement Edge Drop-off 112 Vegetation Removal 113 Drainage . -113 Signs 115 Pavement Markings and Delineation Devices 116 Shielding Work Zones with Tiuck-Mounted Attenuators 117 Roadside Geometric Features.
37、. 117 References 118 X COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling Services STD-AASHTO SRCH SR-3-ENGL 1997 Ob39804 0045959 451 = LIST OF TABLES 1-1 2-1 4-1 5- 1 6-1 Motor vehicle accident statistics. 1972 and 1995 1 Injury and fatal accid
38、ent rates by highway type and rural or urban classification 7 Minimum lane and shoulder widths for two-lane rural highways recommended in TRB Special Report 214 54 Percentage of single-vehicle run-off-the-road accidents by severity and time period for urban principal and minor arterials in lllinois
39、82 Approximate clear distance to see a sign 116 LIST OF FIGURES 1-1 2- 1 3- 1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-1 1 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17A 3-17B 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-2 1 3-22 4- 1 4-2 4-3 Driver involvement in traffic crashes and involvement rates by age 3 Illustration of an emergency pullo
40、ut 21 A highway condition that can confuse drivers 10 Two types of marker systems for use in snow areas 22 Delineators used with a guardrail and barrier 23 Sign spreading 23 An application of the advance lane assignment signing concept 24 Accident investigation site 31 Weight-specific speed sign 32
41、Shoulder rumble strip and sample current specifications 33 Glare screens 33 Insufficient barrier length and end treatment 35 Bamer flush with the face of a safety walk 36 Illustration of the branch lane concept 30 Barrier system used for an opening between bridge structures 37 Traversable median wit
42、h a safety drainage grate 38 Luminaire supports on a barrier; breakaway on the left, nonbreakaway on the right 39 Poor landscaping practices 41 Design to eliminate concurrent routes 43 Single Point Urban Interchange design 44 Parallel designs for multiple-entrance lanes 47 Design when both routes mu
43、st share common pavement 43 Prohibiting left turns at an intersection close to a ramp terminal Prohibiting left turns at an intersection close to a ramp terminal by by signs 48 physical separation 48 Accommodation for pedestrians at interchanges 50 Recommended signing and marking practices for passi
44、ng lanes 58 Traversable drainage inlet 60 Undesirable steep slopes, both parallel and perpendicular to the highway 59 Xi COPYRIGHT American Association Of State Highway and Transportation OfficeLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-AASHTO SRCH SR-3-ENGL 1997 W Ob39804 00459b0 173 = 4-4 4-5 4-
45、6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-1 1 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 5- 1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-1 1 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 Existing inlet projecting more than 100 mm above the ground 60 Nontraversable ditch 61 An errant vehicle can be guided by a ditch into a culvert o
46、pening even though outside the clear zone . 61 Breakaway base that is too high 62 the ground 63 Grading to provide adequate intersection sight distance 66 Bypass lane at an unsignalized ?-intersection in a rural area 67 Safety-deficient bridge with a raised safety walk 69 Safety-deficient bridge rai
47、l 69 Bridge rail not connected to the approach rail 70 Breakaway small sign support stub more than 100 mm above Safety-deficient bridge rail with the potential for snagging an errant vehicle on a vertical obstruction 70 Continuous guardrail in front of a bridge railing 71 Signing and marking for an
48、approach to a narrow bridge 73 Techniques for tapering approaches to narrow bridges 73 Typical signing and marking for a narrow structure and a one-lane structure 75 Typical mounting of an object marker on a narrow bridge used by wide farm equipment 76 Warning signs for roads parallel to railroad gr
49、ade crossings 76 Example of a typical discontinuity in a cross section 83 Adequately signed and marked transition for a change in a cross section 84 Illustration of improvements that can have a negative safety impact 85 Protective rail on the backside of a guardrail adjacent to the sidewalk 87 Guardrail sections are joined at angles that are too sharp 88 Drainage grate safe for bicycles 85 Signal heads mounted on a long, simple span 89 A two-way left-turn lane 92 Median curb with a sloped face 93 Advance signing for an intersection 96 Signal phase for protected-only left-turn signa
