1、Standard Method of Test for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement AASHTO Designation: T 107M/T 107-11 ASTM Designation: C 151/C 151M-09 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-3a T 107-1 AASHTO Standard M
2、ethod of Test for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement AASHTO Designation: T 107M/T 107-11 ASTM Designation: C 151/C 151M-09 1. SCOPE 1.1. This test method covers determination of the autoclave expansion of hydraulic cement by means of a test on a neat cement specimen. 1.2. The values stated in e
3、ither SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3. Th
4、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaut
5、ion statements, see the section on Safety Precautions. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 201, Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes M 210, Use of Apparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Har
6、dened Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete T 129, Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement T 162, Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency 2.2. ASTM Standard: C 856, Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete C 1005, Standard Specification
7、for Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical Testing of Hydraulic Cements C 1157/C 1157M, Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement E 29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
8、 3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1. The autoclave expansion test provides an index of potential delayed expansion caused by the hydration of CaO or MgO or both, when present in hydraulic cement.1 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplicatio
9、n is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 107-2 AASHTO 4. INTERFERENCES 4.1. Pozzolans containing fine-grained quartz have been reported to cause excessive expansion under autoclave test conditions due to alkali-silica reaction that will not occur under normal service conditions.2When excessive exp
10、ansion of paste containing pozzolans occurs, it is recommended that the specimens be examined (see ASTM C 856) for evidence of alkali-silica reaction (Note 1). Note 1If the excessive expansion has resulted from alkali-silica reaction under autoclave conditions, the pozzolan can be evaluated for alka
11、li reactivity using the procedure described in ASTM C 1157/C 1157M. 5. APPARATUS 5.1. Weighing Devices and Weightsfor determining the mass of materials conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 1005. 5.2. Glass Graduates200 or 250-mL capacity, and conforming to the requirements of M 210. 5.3. Moldsco
12、nforming to the requirements of M 210 for test specimens used in the determination of length change of cement paste. 5.4. Flat Trowelconforming to the requirements of T 129. 5.5. Autoclaveconsisting of a high-pressure steam vessel provided with a thermometer well. The autoclave shall be equipped wit
13、h automatic controls and a rupture disk with a bursting pressure of 2.4 MPa 350 psi 5 percent. In locations where the use of a rupture disk is not permitted, the autoclave shall be equipped with a safety valve. In addition, the autoclave shall be equipped with a vent valve to allow the escape of air
14、 during the early part of the heating period and to release any steam pressure remaining at the end of the cooling period. The pressure gauge shall have a nominal capacity of 4.0 MPa 600 psi, a dial with a nominal diameter of 115 mm 41/2in., and shall be graduated from 0 to 4.0 MPa 0 to 600 psi with
15、 scale divisions not exceeding 0.03 MPa 5 psi. The error in the gauge shall not exceed 0.02 MPa 3 psi at the operating pressure of 2 MPa 295 psi. The capacity of the heating unit shall be such that with maximum load (water plus specimens) the pressure of the saturated steam in the autoclave may be r
16、aised to a gauge pressure of 2 MPa 295 psi in 45 to 75 minutes from the time the heat is turned on. The automatic control shall be capable of maintaining the gauge pressure of 2 0.07 MPa 295 10 psi for at least 3 hours. A gauge pressure of 2 0.07 MPa 295 10 psi corresponds to a temperature of 216 2C
17、 420 3F. The autoclave shall be designed to permit the gauge pressure to drop from 2 MPa 295 psi to less than 0.07 MPa 10 psi in 1.5 hours after the heat supply has been shut off. 5.5.1. Rupture DiskThe rupture disk shall be made of a material having a tensile strength that is relatively insensitive
18、 to temperature in the range 20 to 216C 68 to 420F and that is electrochemically compatible with the pipe leading to it and to its holder. 5.6. Length ComparatorThe comparator used for measuring length change of specimens shall conform to the requirements of M 210. 6. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY 6.1. M
19、olding RoomMaintain the temperature of the molding room, dry materials, and mixing water, and the relative humidity of the molding room within the limits of M 210. 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applic
20、able law.TS-3a T 107-3 AASHTO 6.2. Moist Storage FacilitiesMaintain the temperature and humidity of the moist storage facilities to the requirements of M 201. 7. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 7.1. The pressure gauge should have a maximum capacity of 4.0 MPa 600 psi. A gauge with too small or too large a capaci
21、ty may be a hazard, because for pressure above the specified maximum working pressure, with a smaller capacity gauge, the pressure may be off scale, and with a larger capacity gauge, the arc of movement may be too small to invite attention. The operator shall be sure the gauge hand has not passed th
22、e maximum graduation on the scale. 7.2. Test the pressure gauge for proper operation. Always use a thermometer together with the pressure gauge, so as to provide a means of detecting any failure of the pressure gauge to operate properly, and to indicate any unusual condition. 7.3. Maintain the autom
23、atic control in proper working order at all times. 7.4. Set the safety valve to relieve the pressure at about 6 to 10 percent above the maximum of 2.1 MPa 305 psi specified in this test method, that is, at about 2.3 MPa 330 psi. Unless the manufacturer has given specific instructions as to maintenan
24、ce of the safety valve, test the valve twice each year. Test with a gauge testing device, or by adjusting the automatic controls to allow the autoclave to reach a pressure of about 2.3 MPa 330 psi, at which pressure the safety valve will either open or be adjusted to open. Direct the safety valve di
25、scharge away from the operator. Note 2Unexpected combinations of conditions may occur. For example, in one case the automatic control had failed, the safety valve had become stuck, and the gauge hand, which at first glance appeared to be at about zero, had passed the maximum graduation and had come
26、to stop on the wrong side of the pin. This condition of the gauge was finally detected and the pressure, then of an unknown magnitude, was released before failure could occur in the apparatus. 7.5. Wear heavy leather work gloves to prevent burning of the hands when removing the top of the autoclave
27、at the end of the test. Direct the vent valve away from the operator. When removing the autoclave lid, tilt it so that any steam escaping from beneath the lid may be discharged away from the operator. Care shall be taken to avoid scalding by any liquid that may have been used in the autoclave well.
28、7.6. The operator shall be made aware that for many autoclave pressure gages the return of the gauge hand to the initial rest or starting point does not necessarily indicate zero pressure within the autoclave; there may then still remain an appreciable dangerous pressure. 8. NUMBER OF TEST SPECIMENS
29、 8.1. Make at least one test specimen. 9. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN MOLDS 9.1. Prepare the specimen molds in accordance with the requirements of M 210 except that molds need not be sealed. 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication i
30、s a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 107-4 AASHTO 10. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS 10.1. Mixing Cement PastePrepare the standard batch consisting of 650 g of cement and sufficient water to give a paste of normal consistency in accordance with the procedure described in T 129. Mix this batch in a
31、ccordance with the procedure described in T 162. Both a time of setting specimen and an autoclave bar may be made from the same batch. If the paste to be used for time of setting is the paste sample already used to determine normal consistency, then the autoclave bar may be prepared immediately from
32、 the remainder of the batch. 10.2. Molding SpecimensImmediately following preparation of the time of setting specimen or completion of mixing, mold the test specimen in two approximately equal layers, each layer being compacted with the thumbs or forefingers by pressing the paste into the corners, a
33、round the gauge studs, and along the surface of the mold until a homogeneous specimen is obtained. Compact the top layer, cut off the paste flush with the top of the mold with a thin-edged trowel, and smooth the surface with a few strokes of the flat trowel. During the operations of mixing and moldi
34、ng, protect the hands with rubber gloves. 10.3. Storage of Test SpecimensAfter filling the mold, place it in the moist closet or moist room. Store the specimens in the molds in the moist enclosure for at least 20 hours; if removed from the molds before 24 hours, they shall be kept in the moist close
35、t or moist room until time of test. 11. PROCEDURE 11.1. At 24 hours 30 minutes after molding, remove the specimens from the moist atmosphere, immediately obtain a length comparator reading for each specimen, and place in the autoclave at room temperature in a rack so that all sides of the specimen w
36、ill be exposed to saturated steam. The autoclave shall contain enough water, at an initial temperature of 20 to 28C 68 to 82F, to maintain an atmosphere of saturated steam vapor during the entire test. Ordinarily 7 to 10 percent of the volume of the autoclave should be occupied by the water. 11.2. T
37、o permit air to escape from the autoclave during the early portion of the heating period, leave the vent valve open until steam begins to escape. (WarningSee Section 7 on Safety Precautions.) Close the valve and raise the temperature of the autoclave at a rate that will bring the gauge pressure of t
38、he steam to 2 MPa 295 psi in 45 to 75 minutes from the time the heat is turned on. Maintain 2 0.07 MPa 295 10 psi pressure for 3 hours. At the end of the 3-hour period, shut off the heat supply and cool the autoclave at such a rate that the pressure will be less than 0.07 MPa 10 psi at the end of th
39、e 1.5-hour period, and slowly release any remaining pressure by partially opening the vent valve until atmospheric pressure is attained. Then open the autoclave and place the test specimen in water at a temperature above 90C 194F. Cool the water surrounding the bars at a uniform rate by adding cold
40、water so that the temperature of the water will be lowered to 23C 74F in 15 minutes. Maintain the water surrounding the specimens at 23C 74F for an additional 15 minutes; then, remove one specimen at a time from the water, blot the pins, but not the specimen, and obtain a length comparator reading f
41、or each specimen. 12. CALCULATION 12.1. Calculate the change in length of the test specimen by subtracting the length comparator reading before autoclaving from that after autoclaving, and report as percent of the effective gauge length to the nearest 0.01 percent. Report the percentage of increase
42、in length as the autoclave expansion. Indicate a decrease in length by a minus sign prefixed to the percent value. 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 107-5 AASHTO 13. PRECISION AND B
43、IAS 13.1. PrecisionThe single-operator (within-laboratory) standard deviation has been found to be 0.024 percent throughout the range of 0.11 percent to 0.94 percent expansions. Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator for expansions of similar batches should not diffe
44、r from each other by more than 0.07 percent expansion. The multilaboratory (between laboratory) standard deviation has been found to be 0.030 percent throughout the range of 0.11 percent to 0.94 percent expansions. Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two different laboratories fo
45、r expansions of similar batches should not differ from each other by more than 0.09 percent expansion. 13.2. BiasBecause there is no accepted reference material suitable for determining bias, bias has not been determined. For additional useful information on details of cement test methods, reference
46、 may be made to the “Manual of Cement Testing,” which appears in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.01. 14. KEYWORDS 14.1. Autoclave; autoclave expansion; expansion; hydraulic cement; soundness. 1Gonnerman, H. F., W. Lerch, and T. M. Whitside. Investigations of the Hydration Expansion Char
47、acteristics of Portland Cements. Portland Cement Association Research Department Bulletin 45, 1953, pp. 1168. 2Wang, H., “Autoclave Soundness Test Mischaracterizes Cement-Fly Ash Blends by Introducing Alkali-Quartz Reaction,” Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2002, pp. 6872. 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
