1、Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soil-Cement Mixtures AASHTO Designation: T 134-05 (2013) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 134-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Moist
2、ure-Density Relations of Soil-Cement Mixtures AASHTO Designation: T 134-05 (2013) 1. SCOPE 1.1. These methods of test are intended for determining the relation between moisture content and density of soil-cement mixtures when compacted before cement hydration as prescribed. 1.2. A 944-cm3(1/30-ft3)
3、mold and a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) rammer dropped from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) are used and two methods, depending on soil gradation, are covered, as follows: 1.2.1. Method ASoil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. This method shall be used when 100 percent of the soil sample passes the 4.75-mm (N
4、o. 4) sieve; or 1.2.2. Method BSoil material passing a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve. This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. 1.3. This test method applies to soil-cement mixtures that have 30 percent or less retained on the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve,
5、 when Method B is used. The material retained on these sieves shall be defined as oversized particles (coarse particles). 1.4. The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For the purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated valu
6、e shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting value, in accordance with ASTM E29. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 85, Portland Cement M 92, Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes M 231, Weighing Devices Used in t
7、he Testing of Materials M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydraulic Cement T 19M/T 19, Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate T 224, Correction for Coarse Particles in the Soil Compaction Test T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils 2.2. ASTM Standards: D2168, Standard Test Met
8、hods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a viol
9、ation of applicable law.TS-1b T 134-2 AASHTO 3. APPARATUS 3.1. MoldsThe molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with the dimensions and volumes shown in Table 1. They shall have a detachable collar assembly, approximately 60 mm (2.375 in.) in height, to permit preparation of compacte
10、d specimens of soil-cement mixtures of the desired weight and volume. The mold and collar assembly shall be so constructed that it can be fastened firmly to a detachable base plate made of the same material (Figure 1). Note 1Alternate types of molds with volumes as stipulated herein may be used, pro
11、vided the test results are correlated with those of the solid-wall mold on several soil types and the same moisture-density results are obtained. Records of such correlation shall be maintained and readily available for inspection, when alternate types of molds are used. 3.2. A 101.6-mm (4-in.) mold
12、 having a volume of 0.000943 0.000008 m3(1/30(0.0333) 0.0003 ft3) with an internal diameter of 101.60 0.41 mm (4.000 0.016 in.) and a height of 116.43 0.13 mm (4.584 0.005 in.) (Figure 1). 3.3. Molds Out of Tolerance Due to UseA mold that fails to meet manufacturing tolerances after continued servic
13、e may remain in use, provided those tolerances are not exceeded by more than 50 percent; and the volume of the mold, calibrated in accordance with T 19M/T 19, for Unit Mass of Aggregate, is used in the calculations. Table 1Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 1 mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 50.8
14、0 0.64 2.000 0.025 3.81 0.150 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 101.60 0.41 4.000 0.016 7.62 0.300 107.95 1.27 4.250 0.050 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 114.30 2.54 4.500 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 152.40 2.54 6.000 0.100 20.32 0.800 165.10 2.54 6.
15、500 0.100 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 0.000943 0.000008 m31/30 0.0003 ft3 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 134-3 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions shown in millime
16、ters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the mid-height line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.6-mm Mold) 2015 by th
17、e American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 134-4 AASHTO 3.4. Rammer: 3.4.1. Manually OperatedMetal rammer with a mass of 2.495 0.009 kg (5.5 0.02 lb), and having a flat circular face of 50.80-mm (2.00
18、0-in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide sleeve to control the height of drop to a free fall of 305 2 mm (12.00 0.06 in.) abo
19、ve the elevation of the soil. The guide sleeve shall have at least four vent holes, no smaller than 9.5-mm (3/8-in.) diameter, spaced approximately 90 degrees (1.57 radius) apart and approximately 19 mm (3/4in.) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearance so that the free fall of the ramme
20、r shaft and head is unrestricted. 3.4.2. Mechanically OperatedA metal rammer that is equipped with a device to control the height of drop to a free fall of 305 2 mm (12.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil and uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surface (Note 2). The rammer shall ha
21、ve a mass of 2.495 0.009 kg (5.5 0.02 lb), and have a flat circular face of 50.80-mm (2.000-in.) diameter with a manufactured tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). Note 2The rammer apparatus shall be calibrated
22、 with several soil-cement mixtures and the mass of the rammer adjusted, if necessary, to give the same moisture-density results as with the manually operated rammer. It may be impractical to adjust the mechanical apparatus so the free fall is 305 mm (12 in.) each time the rammer is dropped, as with
23、the manually operated rammer. To make the adjustment of free fall, the portion of loose soil to receive the initial blow should be slightly compressed with the rammer to establish the point of impact from which the 305-mm (12-in.) drop is determined. Subsequent blows on the layer of soil-cement may
24、all be applied by dropping the rammer from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the initial-setting elevation, or when the mechanical apparatus is designed with a height adjustment for each blow, all subsequent blows should have rammer free fall of 305 mm (12 in.) measured from the elevation of the soi
25、l-cement as compacted by the previous blow. 3.4.3. Rammer FaceThe circular face rammer shall be used, but a sector face may be used as an alternative, provided that the report shall indicate type of face used other than the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face and that the sector face shall have an area eq
26、ual to that of the circular face rammer. 3.5. Sample ExtruderA jack, lever, frame, or other device adopted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimens from the mold. Not required when a split-type mold is used. 3.6. Balances and ScalesA balance or scale conforming to the requirements of M 231,
27、Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 2. 3.7. Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) for drying moisture samples. 3.8. StraightedgeA hardened-steel straightedge at least 254 mm (10 in.) in le
28、ngth. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final trimming) shall be plane within 0.250 mm per 250 mm (0.01 in. per 10 in.) (0.1 percent) of length within the portion used for trimming the soil (Note 3). Note 3The beveled edge may be used for final trimming
29、if the edge is true within a tolerance of 0.250 mm per 250 mm (0.1 percent) of length; however, with continued use, the cutting edge may become excessively worn and not suitable for trimming the soil to the level of the mold. The straightedge should not be so flexible that trimming the soil with the
30、 cutting edge will cause a concave soil surface. 3.9. Sieves75-mm (3-in.), 19.0-mm (3/4-in.), and 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieves conforming to the requirements of M 92. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicabl
31、e law.TS-1b T 134-5 AASHTO 3.10. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula, etc., or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with cement and with increments of water. 3.11. ContainerA flat, round pan for moisture absorption by soil-cemen
32、t mixtures, about 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter and 50 mm (2 in.) deep. 3.12. Moisture ContainersSuitable containers made of material resistant to corrosion and not subject to change in weight or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Containers shall have close-fitting lids to prevent loss o
33、f moisture from samples before initial weighing and to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before final weighing. One container is needed for each moisture content determination. 3.13. Butcher KnifeA butcher knife approximately 250 mm (10 in.) in length for trimmi
34、ng the top of the specimens. METHOD A 4. SAMPLE 4.1. If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until it becomes friable under a trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of a drying apparatus that is maintained at a temperature not exceeding 60C (140F). Then thoroughly break up th
35、e aggregations to pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual particles. 4.2. Select a representative sample, with a mass of approximately 2.7 kg (6 lb) or more, of the soil prepared as described in Section 4.1. 5. PROCEDURE 5.1. Add to the so
36、il the required amount of cement conforming to M 85 or M 240M/M 240. Mix the cement and soil thoroughly to a uniform color. 5.2. When needed, add sufficient potable water to dampen the mixture to approximately four to six percentage points below optimum moisture content and mix thoroughly. At this m
37、oisture content, plastic soils, tightly squeezed in the palm of the hand, will form a cast that will fracture with only slight pressure applied by the thumb and fingertips; nonplastic soils will bulk noticeably. 5.3. When the soil is a heavy textured clayey material, compact the mixture of soil, cem
38、ent, and water in the container to a depth of 50 mm (2 in.) using the rammer described in Section 3.2 or a similar hand tamper. Cover and allow to stand for not less than 5 min but not more than 10 min to aid dispersion of the moisture and to permit more complete absorption by the soil-cement. 5.4.
39、After the absorption period, thoroughly break up the mixture, without reducing the natural size of individual particles, until it will pass a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, and then remix. 5.5. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil-cement mixture in the mold (with collar attached) in three approxi
40、mately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 130 mm (5 in.). Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil-cement when a sleeve-type rammer is used, or from 305 mm (12 in.) above the
41、 approximate elevation of compacted soil when a stationary mounted type of rammer is used. During compaction, the mold shall rest firmly on a 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 134-6
42、 AASHTO dense, uniform, rigid, and stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process (Note 4). Note 4Each of the following has been found to be a satisfactory base on which to rest the mold during compaction of the soil: a block of concrete, with a mass not l
43、ess than 90 kg (200 lb), supported by a relatively stable foundation; a sound concrete floor; and for field application, such surfaces as found in concrete box culverts, bridges, and pavements. 5.6. Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the compacted soil-cement mixture e
44、ven with the top of the mold by means of the knife and straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold and moist soil in kilograms to the nearest 5 g, or determine the mass in pounds to the nearest 0.01 pounds. For molds conforming to tolerances given in Table 1 and masses recorded in kilograms, mu
45、ltiply the mass of the compacted specimen and the mold, minus the mass of the mold, by 1060, and record the result as the wet density, W1, in kilograms per cubic meter, of compacted soil. For molds conforming to tolerances given in Table 1 and masses recorded in pounds, multiply the mass of the comp
46、acted specimen and the mold, minus the mass of the mold, by 30, and record the result as the wet density, W1, in pounds per cubic foot, of compacted soil. For used molds out of tolerance by not more than 50 percent (Table 1), use the factor for the mold as determined in accordance with Calibration o
47、f Measure in T 19M/T 19. 5.7. Remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the center. Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weighing not less than 100 g, from the full height of one of the cut faces, weigh immediately, and dry in accordance with T
48、 265, to determine the moisture content, and record the results. 5.8. Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve as judged by eye, and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested. Add water in sufficient amount to increase
49、the moisture content of the soil one to two percentage points and repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added. Continue this series of determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet unit mass, W1, per cubic meter (cubic foot), of the compacted soil-cement mixture (Note 5). Note 5In instances where the soil material is fragile in character and will reduce significantly in grain siz
