1、Standard Method of Test for Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test) AASHTO Designation: T 179-05 (2013)1ASTM Designation: D1754-97(2002) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-2b
2、T 179-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test) AASHTO Designation: T 179-05 (2013)1ASTM Designation: D1754-97(2002) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This method covers the determination of the effect of heat and air on a film of semisolid asphaltic material
3、s. The effects of this treatment are determined from measurements of selected asphalt properties before and after the test. 1.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is
4、the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials T 49, Penetration of Bi
5、tuminous Materials T 51, Ductility of Asphalt Materials T 201, Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens) T 202, Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer 2.2. ASTM Standards: E1, Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E145, Standard Specification for Gravity-Convect
6、ion and Forced-Ventilation Ovens 3. SUMMARY OF METHOD 3.1. A film of asphaltic material is heated in an oven for 5 h at 163C (325F). The effects of heat and air are determined from changes occurring in physical properties measured before and after the oven treatment. An optional procedure is provide
7、d for determining the change in sample mass. 3.2. Precision values for the method have been developed for viscosity, viscosity change, penetration change, and mass change; precision for other properties is undefined. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All
8、rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2b T 179-2 AASHTO 4. SIGNIFICANCE 4.1. This method indicates approximate change in properties of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 150C (300F) as indicated by viscosity, penetration, or ductility measurements. It yields a
9、 residue that approximates the asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 150C (300F) level, more or less effect on properties will occur. 5. APPARATUS 5.1. OvenThe oven shall be electrically heated and shall conform to the performance r
10、equirements of ASTM E145, for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens Type IB (Gravity-Convection), for operating temperatures up to 180C (356F). During the tests for compliance to ASTM E145 requirements, the oven shelf, properly centered as described in Section 5.1.2, shall be in place and
11、rotating. 5.1.1. ConstructionThe oven shall be rectangular with minimum interior dimensions (exclusive of space occupied by the heating element) of 330 mm (13 in.) in each direction. (See Note 1.) The oven shall have, in front, a tightly fitted hinged door, which shall provide a clear opening substa
12、ntially the same as the interior height and width of the oven. The door may contain a window with dimensions of at least 100 by 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) and with two sheets of glass separated by an air space, through which a vertical thermometer, located as specified in Section 5.2, may be read without o
13、pening the door; or the oven may be provided with an inner glass door, through which the thermometer may be observed on opening the outer door momentarily. The oven shall be adequately ventilated by convection currents of air and for this purpose shall be provided with openings for the entrance of a
14、ir and for the exit of heated air and vapors. Openings may be of any size and arrangement provided the requirements of ASTM E145, Type 1B are met. 5.1.2. Rotating ShelfThe oven shall be provided with a metal circular shelf having a minimum diameter of 250 mm (9.8 in.) (Note 1). The shelf constructio
15、n shall be such that it provides a flat surface for support of the containers without blocking all air circulation through the shelf when the containers are in place. The shelf shall be suspended by a vertical shaft and centered with respect to the horizontal interior dimensions of the oven and shal
16、l be provided with a mechanical means of rotating it at the rate of 5.5 1.0 r/min. The shelf shall be vertically located as close to the center of the oven as permitted by compliance with the requirements of Section 5.2 regarding thermometer placement. The shelf shall be constructed or marked in suc
17、h a way that the sample containers can be placed in the same position during each test. There shall be a minimum of two and a maximum of six sample container positions. Each sample container position shall be symmetrical with respect to the shaft and to any holes in the shelf. The number of sample c
18、ontainer positions shall be the maximum that will fit on the shelf without violating the above requirements and without excessive overhang. Note 1Minimum size ovens accommodate two containers. For routine or control operations, larger ovens, having proportionately larger shelves to accommodate a gre
19、ater number of containers, may be advantageous and are suitable, provided the requirements of ASTM E145, Type 1B are met. Under no circumstances should more than one shelf, properly centered, be used in an oven. 5.1.3. Recovery TimeWhen the oven obtains a temperature of 163C (325F) and two sample pa
20、ns are introduced, the oven shall be capable of returning to 162C (323F) within 15 min. 5.2. ThermometerAn ASTM Loss on Heat Thermometer having a range of 155 to 170C and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 13C, as prescribed in ASTM E1. The thermometer shall be supported from the shaft o
21、f the circular shelf in a vertical position at a point 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2b T 179-3 AASHTO equidistant from the center and outer edge of the shelf. The bottom of the ther
22、mometer bulb shall be approximately 6.4 mm (1/4in.) above the top of the shelf. 5.3. ContainerA cylindrical pan 140 mm (51/2in.) in inside diameter and 9.5 mm (3/8in.) deep with a flat bottom. Fifty milliliters of the sample in this size container gives a film thickness of 3.2 mm (1/8in.). Pans shal
23、l be made of stainless steel and should have a metal thickness of approximately 0.635 mm (0.025 in.). Note 2Pans have a tendency to become warped or bent with use. Although tests indicate that a small amount of warping does not significantly affect results, frequent inspection to eliminate badly war
24、ped or damaged pans is advisable. The indicated metal thicknesses are those found to provide adequate rigidity without excessive weight. Stainless steel pans manufactured from 0.6 mm (No. 24) stainless sheet-gauge steel comply with the recommended thickness. Pans made from 0.5 mm (No. 26) stainless
25、sheet-gauge metal are also acceptable but have a greater tendency to warp during use. However, in no case shall the thickness of the metal be less than 0.381 mm (0.015 in.). 5.4. BalancesIf the loss on heating is desired, a Class B balance conforming to the requirements of M 231 is required. If only
26、 the residue is desired, a Class G 2 balance conforming to M 231 may be used. 6. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES 6.1. Place sufficient material for the test in a suitable container and heat to a fluid condition. Extreme care should be taken so that there is no local overheating of the sample and that the hig
27、hest temperature reached does not exceed 150C (302F). Stir the sample with a general purpose thermometer during the heating period, but avoid incorporating air bubbles in the sample. Weigh 50.0 0.5 g into each of two or more tared sample pans meeting the requirements of Section 5.3 (Note 3). Note 3W
28、hen tests on the residue other than penetration and ductility are desired, more than two containers may be needed to provide sufficient material for test. 6.2. At the same time, pour a portion of the sample into the containers specified for measurement of original asphalt properties. Complete these
29、tests by appropriate AASHTO test methods. 6.3. If the quantitative value of the loss or gain in sample mass is desired, cool the samples for the oven test to room temperature and determine the mass of each sample separately to the nearest 0.001 g. If the change in mass is not required, allow the sam
30、ples to cool to approximately room temperature before placing in the oven as directed in Section 7.3. 7. PROCEDURE 7.1. Level the oven so that the shelf rotates in a horizontal plane. Extreme care should be taken so that there is no local overheating of the sample and that the highest temperature re
31、ached does not exceed 150C (302F). Determine the temperature of the oven by means of the specified thermometer (Section 5.2). 7.2. Place an empty sample container in each of the predetermined sample container positions on the rotating shelf. Adjust the temperature control so the specified thermomete
32、r (Section 5.2) reads 163 1C (325 2F) when the oven is at equilibrium. Once the adjustment is complete, the empty sample containers may be removed at the discretion of the operator. However, the temperature control shall not be readjusted once any sample containers are removed. Note 4Removing sample
33、 containers will affect convection patterns in the oven and may cause the thermometer reading to change from the desired level. This phenomenon is normal and occurs 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of appli
34、cable law.TS-2b T 179-4 AASHTO because the thermometer is not in the same location as the temperature control sensor. Replacing the containers should cause the thermometer to return to the original level. 7.3. With the oven at 163C (325F), quickly place the containers with the sample on the circular
35、 shelf. Fill any vacant positions with empty sample containers, so that every sample container position is occupied. Close the oven door, and start rotating the shelf. Maintain the temperature at 163 1C (325 2F) for 5 h after the sample has been introduced and the oven has again reached that tempera
36、ture. The 5-h period shall start when the temperature reaches 162C (323F), and in no case shall the total time that a sample is in the oven be more than 5.25 h. At the conclusion of the heating period, remove the samples from the oven. If the change in mass is not being determined, proceed in accord
37、ance with Section 7.5. If the change in mass is being determined, cool to room temperature, determine the mass to the nearest 0.001 g, and calculate the change in mass on the basis of the asphalt in each container. When complete tests cannot be made in the same day, and if the loss or gain in the sa
38、mple mass is being determined, determine the mass of the residues and store them overnight before reheating. If the change in mass is not being determined, transfer the residue to the 240-mL (8-oz) container as described in Section 7.4 before storing overnight. Note 5Materials having different mass-
39、change characteristics should not generally be tested at the same time due to the possibility of cross-absorption. Note 6This test method does not prohibit placing an asphalt sample in the position under the thermometer. However, it is recommended that this position not be used for a sample, and tha
40、t an empty pan remain in this position in order to minimize the risk associated with thermometer breakage. 7.4. After weighing the containers with the residues, place them on refractory board(s). Put the board(s) and the containers on the circular shelf of the oven maintained at 163C (325F). Close t
41、he oven and rotate the shelf for 15 2 min, remove the samples and board(s), and immediately proceed as described in Section 7.5. 7.5. Pour the samples into a 240-mL (8-oz) ointment tin. Remove substantially all of the material from the 140-mm (51/2-in.) pans by scraping with a suitable spatula or pu
42、tty knife. Stir the combined residues thoroughly, placing the 240-mL (8-oz) container on a hot plate to maintain the material in a fluid condition if necessary. Pour the material into the proper containers or molds for the penetration, ductility, or other tests if required. Complete the tests on res
43、idue by appropriate AASHTO test methods within 72 h of performing this test. Note 7The pans may be removed from the oven and scraped one at a time provided that each pan remains in the oven the required 15 2 min. 8. REPORT 8.1. Report the values of the original asphalt properties measured in Section
44、 6.2 and the residue property values as measured in Section 7.5. Viscosity change may also be expressed as the ratio of the residual asphalt viscosity to the original asphalt viscosity. Penetration change is evaluated as the penetration of the residue expressed as the percentage of the original pene
45、tration. 8.2. Report ductility or other test results in accordance with the appropriate AASHTO Methods of Test. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2b T 179-5 AASHTO 8.3. When determined,
46、report the average change in mass of the material in all the containers used in the test as mass percent of the original material. A mass loss shall be reported as a negative number, while a mass gain shall be reported as a positive number. Note 8This test can result in either a mass loss or a mass
47、gain. During the test, volatile components evaporate (causing a decrease in mass), while oxygen reacts with the sample (causing an increase in mass). The combined effect determines whether the sample has an overall mass gain or overall mass loss. Samples with a very low percentage of volatile compon
48、ents will usually exhibit a mass gain, while samples with a high percentage of volatile components will usually exhibit a mass loss. 9. PRECISION 9.1. Criteria for judging the acceptability of the viscosity at 60C (140F) and 135C (275F), viscosity ratio at 60C (140F), change in penetration at 25C (7
49、7F), and mass change test results obtained by this method are given in Table 1. Table 1Precision Material and Type Index Standard Deviation (1s) Acceptable Range of Two Results (d2s) Coefficient of Variation (% of Mean) (1s%) Acceptable Range of Two Results (% of Mean) (d2s%) Single-operator precision: Percentage of retained penetration 1.43 4.0 Change in mass percentage: Not more than 0.4% (max) 0.014 0.04 Greater than 0.4% 2.9 8.0 Viscosity at 60C (140F) 3.3 9.3 Viscosity at 135C (
