1、Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 180-15 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 180-1 AASH
2、TO Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 180-15 1. SCOPE 1.1. This method of test is intended for determining the relationship between the moisture content and density of soils when compacted in
3、 a given mold of a given size with a 4.54-kg (10-lb) rammer dropped from a height of 457 mm (18 in.). Four alternate procedures are provided as follows: Method AA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve Sections 4 and 5. Method BA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material p
4、assing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve Sections 6 and 7. Method CA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) sieve Sections 8 and 9. Method DA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) sieve Sections 10 and 11. 1.2. The method to be used should be indicated
5、in the specifications for the material being tested. If no method is specified, the provisions of Method A shall govern. 1.3. This test method applies to soil mixtures that have 40 percent or less retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, when Method A or B is used and 30 percent or less retained on th
6、e 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) sieve, when Method C or D is used. Material retained on these sieves shall be defined as oversize particles (coarse particles). 1.4. If the test specimen contains oversized particles, dry density and moisture corrections must be made in accordance with Annex A1. 1.5. If the spec
7、ified oversized particle maximum percentage is exceeded, other methods of compaction control must be used. Note 1One method for the design and control of the compaction of such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree of compaction and a method to obtain that compaction. Then use
8、 a method specification to control the compaction by specifying the type and size of compaction equipment, the lift thickness, and the number of passes. 1.6. The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For the purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an obse
9、rved value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting value, in accordance with ASTM E29. 1.7. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2015 by the American Association of State High
10、way and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-2 AASHTO 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 92, Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials T 19M/T 19, Bulk Density (“Unit
11、 Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate T 217, Determination of Moisture in Soils by Means of Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Moisture Tester T 248, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size T 255, Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by
12、Drying T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils T 310, In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) 2.2. ASTM Standards: D2168, Standard Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors E29, Standard
13、Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications 3. APPARATUS 3.1. Mold Assembly (Mold, Collar, and Baseplate)Molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions and capacities shown in Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 and in Figures 1 and 2
14、 below. They shall have a detachable collar approximately 60 mm (2.375 in.) in height, to permit preparation of compacted specimens of soil-water mixtures of the desired height and volume. The mold and collar shall be so constructed that it can be fastened firmly to a detachable base plate made of t
15、he same material (Note 2). The base plate shall be plane to 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Note 2Alternate types of mold assemblies with volumes as stipulated herein may be used, provided the test results are correlated with those of the solid-wall mold on several soil types and th
16、e same moisture-density results are obtained. Records of such correlation shall be maintained and readily available for inspection when alternate types of molds are used. 3.1.1. Molds having a volume of 0.000943 0.000014 m3(0.0333 0.0005 ft3) shall have an inside diameter of 101.60 0.40 mm (4.000 0.
17、016 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 1). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure” section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 3.1.2. Molds having a volume of 0.002124 0.000025 m3(0.0750 0.0009 ft3) shall have an inside diameter of 152.4
18、0 0.70 mm (6.000 0.026 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 2). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure” section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights r
19、eserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-3 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publicati
20、on of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.60-mm Mold) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-4 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions are
21、 shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 2 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 2Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (152.40-mm
22、 Mold) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-5 AASHTO Table 1Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 1 mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 107.95 1.27 4.250
23、 0.050 3.81 0.150 20.32 0.800 114.30 2.54 4.500 0.100 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 7.62 0.300 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 152.40 2.54 6.000 0.100 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 165.10 2.54 6.500 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 101.60 0.41 4.000 0.016 172
24、.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 0.000943 0.000009 m30.0333 0.0005 ft3Table 2Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 2 mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 152.40 0.66 6.000 0.026 3.81 0.150 20.32 0.800 158.75 1.27 6.250 0.050 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 165.10 2.54 6.50
25、0 0.100 7.62 0.300 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 203.23 2.54 8.000 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 215.90 2.54 8.500 0.100 0.002124 0.000025 m30.0750 0.0009 ft33.2. Rammer: 3.2.1. Manually OperatedMetal rammer with a
26、mass of 4.536 0.009 kg (10.00 0.02 lb) (Note 3) and having a flat circular face of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The rammer shall be equipped with a su
27、itable guide sleeve to control the height of drop to a free fall 457 2 mm (18.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil. The guide sleeve shall have at least four vent holes, no smaller than 9.5-mm (0.375-in.) diameter, spaced approximately 90 degrees (1.57 rad) apart no smaller than 9.5-mm (0.37
28、5-in.) diameter, from each end, and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted. 3.2.2. Mechanically OperatedA metal rammer that is equipped with a device to control the height of drop to a free fall of 457 2 mm (18.00 0.06 in.) above the elevatio
29、n of the soil, and uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surface (Note 3). The rammer shall have a mass of 4.536 0.009 kg (10.00 0.02 lb) (Note 2), and have a flat circular face of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of t
30、he flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The mechanical rammer shall be calibrated by ASTM D2168 to give the same moisture-density results as with a manually operated rammer. Note 3The mechanical rammer apparatus shall be calibrated with several soil types and the mass of t
31、he rammer adjusted, if necessary, to give the same moisture-density results as with the manually operated rammer. It may be impractical to adjust the mechanical apparatus so the free fall is 457 mm (18 in.) each time the rammer is dropped, as with the manually operated rammer. To make the adjustment
32、 of free fall, the portion of loose soil to receive the initial blow should be slightly compressed with the rammer to establish the point of impact from which the 457-mm (18-in.) drop is determined; subsequent blows on the layer of soil being compacted may all be applied by dropping the rammer from
33、a height of 457 mm (18 in.) above the initial-setting elevation, or when the mechanical apparatus is designed with a height adjustment for each blow, all subsequent blows should have a rammer free fall of 457 mm (18 in.) measured from the elevation of the soil as compacted by the previous blow. A mo
34、re detailed calibration procedure for laboratory mechanical rammer soil compactors can be found in ASTM D2168. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-6 AASHTO 3.2.3. Rammer FaceThe c
35、ircular face rammer shall be used but a sector face rammer may be used as an alternative provided the report shall indicate type of face used other than the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face, and it shall have an area equal to that of the circular face rammer. 3.3. Sample Extruder (for Solid-Walled Mold
36、s Only)A jack, lever, frame, or other device adapted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimen from the mold. 3.4. Balances and ScalesA balance or scale conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 5. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 2. Note 4The capacity of
37、 the metric balance or scale should be approximately 11.5 kg when used to determine the mass of the 152-mm (6-in.) mold and compacted, moist soil; however, when the 102-mm (4-in.) mold is used, a balance or scale of lesser capacity than 11.5 kg may be used, if the sensitivity and readability are 1 g
38、. 3.5. Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) for drying moisture samples. 3.6. StraightedgeA hardened steel straightedge at least 250 mm (10 in.) in length. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (u
39、sed for final trimming) shall be plane within 0.1 percent of the length within the portion used for trimming the soil (Note 5). Note 5The beveled edge may be used for final trimming if the edge is true within a tolerance of 0.25 mm per 250 mm (0.1 percent) of length; however, with continued use, the
40、 cutting edge may become excessively worn and not suitable for trimming the soil to the level of the mold. The straightedge should not be so flexible that trimming the soil surface with the cutting edge will cause a concave soil surface. 3.7. Sieves50-mm (2-in.), 19.0-mm (0.75-in.), and 4.75-mm (No.
41、 4) sieves conforming to the requirements of M 92. 3.8. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula, etc., or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments of water. 3.9. ContainersSuitable containers made of material resistant t
42、o corrosion and not subject to change in mass or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Containers shall have close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture from samples before initial mass determination and to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before f
43、inal mass determination. One container is needed for each moisture content determination. METHOD A 4. SAMPLE 4.1. Obtain a representative sample. This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lb) or more of the sample r
44、emains. 4.2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of a drying apparatus that is maintained at a temperature not exceeding 60C (140F). Thoroughly break up the aggregation in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual particles.
45、4.3. Sieve the soil over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, refer to the Annex A1. Reduce the sample, to a mass of 3 kg (7 lb) or more in accordance with T 248. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Tra
46、nsportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-7 AASHTO 5. PROCEDURE 5.1. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate. 5.2. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to approximately four to eight perce
47、ntage points below optimum moisture content. Note 6When developing a compaction curve for free-draining soils, such as uniform sands and gravels, where seepage occurs at the bottom of the mold and base plate, taking a representative moisture content sample from the mixing bowl may be preferred to de
48、termine the amount of moisture available for compaction. 5.3. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold assembly in five approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5 in.). Prior to compaction, place the loose soil into the mold ass
49、embly and spread into a layer of uniform thickness. Lightly tamp the soil prior to compaction until it is not in a loose or fluffy state, using either the manual compaction rammer or similar device having a face diameter of approximately 50 mm (2 in.). Following compaction of each of the first four layers, any soil adjacent to the mold wall
