1、Standard Method of Test for MoistureDensity Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 180-17 Technical Section: 1b, Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing Release: Group 3 (August 2017) American Association
2、 of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 180-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for MoistureDensity Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 180-17 Technical Section:
3、 1b, Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing Release: Group 3 (August 2017) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This method of test is intended for determining the relationship between the moisture content and density of soils when compacted in a given mold of a given size with a 4.54-
4、kg (10-lb) rammer dropped from a height of 457 mm (18 in.). Four alternate procedures are provided as follows: Method AA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (see Sections 4 and 5); Method BA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (see
5、Sections 6 and 7); Method CA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (0.7 5-in.) sieve (see Sections 8 and 9); or Method DA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (0.7 5-in.) sieve (see Sections 10 and 11). 1.2. The method to be used should be indicated in the specif
6、ications for the material being tested. If no method is specified, the provisions of Method A shall govern. 1.3. This test method applies to soil mixtures that have 40 percent or less retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, when Method A or B is used and 30 percent or less retained on the 19.0-mm (0.
7、75-in.) sieve, when Method C or D is used. Material retained on these sieves shall be defined as oversize particles (coarse particles). 1.4. If the test specimen contains oversized particles, dry density and moisture corrections must be made in accordance with Annex A1. The person or agency specifyi
8、ng this method may specify a minimum percentage of oversized particles above which a correction must be applied. If no minimum percentage is specified, correction for the oversized particles shall be applied to material containing more than 5 percent by weight of oversized particles. 1.5. If the spe
9、cified oversized particle maximum percentage is exceeded, other methods of compaction control must be used. Note 1One method for the design and control of the compaction of suc h soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree of compaction and a method to obtain that compaction. Then u
10、se a method specification to control the compaction by specifying the type and size of compaction equipment, the lift thickness, and the number of passes. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law
11、.TS-1b T 180-2 AASHTO 1.6. The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For the purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand place of figures used in express
12、ing the limiting value, in accordance with ASTM E29. 1.7. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials R 76, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size T 19M/T 19, Bulk Den
13、sity (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate T 217, Determination of Moisture in Soils by Means of Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Moisture Tester T 255, Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying T 265, Laboratory Determination of
14、Moisture Content of Soils T 310, In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and SoilAggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) 2.2. ASTM Standards: D2168, Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors E11-15, Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sie
15、ve Cloth and Test Sieves E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications 3. APPARATUS 3.1. Mold Assembly (Mold, Collar, and Baseplate)Molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions and capacities shown in Sections
16、 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 and in Figures 1 and 2 below. They shall have a detachable collar approximately 60 mm (2.375 in.) in height, to permit preparation of compacted specimens of soil-water mixtures of the desired height and volume. The mold and collar shall be so constructed that it can be fastened firm
17、ly to a detachable base plate made of the same material (Note 2). The base plate shall be plane to 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Note 2Alternate types of mold assemblies with volumes as stipulated herein may be used, provided the test results are correlated with those of the solid
18、-wall mold on several soil types and the same moisturedensity results are obtained. Records of such correlation shall be maintained and readily available for inspection when alternate types of molds are used. 3.1.1. Molds having a volume of 0.000943 0.000014 m3(0.0333 0.0005 ft3) shall have an insid
19、e diameter of 101.60 0.40 mm (4.000 0.016 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 1). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure” section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 3.1.2. Molds having a volume of 0.002124 0.000025 m3(0.0750 0.0009 ft3)
20、shall have an inside diameter of 152.40 0.70 mm (6.000 0.026 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 2). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure” section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and
21、 Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-3 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compact
22、ion molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.60-mm Mold) A Wing Nut (4)B Stud (2)C Hanger (4)D Weld (Top and Bottom of Each Hanger)E Collar (1)F Mold (1)G Base Plate (1)Section A-A165.10 2.54116.40 0.50This volum
23、e to be0.000943 0.000014 m36.35 1.27107.95 1.27 D101.60 0.40 D20.32 min.3.18 min.3.81 max.12.70 2.5438.10 2.546.35 1.2717.78 1.27Midheight of Mold9.53 0.649.53 0.64172.72 2.5438.1 2.546.35 1.273.18 0.649.536.35 1.2717.78 1.27114.30 2.54 D60.33 1.2750.80 0.649.53 minACB EDDFCGAAGBBLocation of Studs i
24、n Base Plate 152.40 2.54 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-4 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions are shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only
25、 cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 2 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 2Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (152.40-mm Mold) This volume to be0.002124 0.000025 m3(A) Wing Nut (4)(B) Stud (2)(C) Hang
26、er (4)(D) Weld (top and bottom of each hanger)(E) Collar (1)(F) Mold (1)(G) Base Plate (1)203.20 2.5438.1 2.5412.7 2.546.35 1.2717.78 1.27172.72 2.546.35 1.2717.78 1.279.53 0.649.53 0.649.5320.32 min.3.81 max.3.18 min.215.90 2.546.35 1.27116.40 0.5038.10 2.546.35 1.273.18 0.64158.75 1.27152.40 0.701
27、65.10 2.5450.80 0.649.53 min.60.33 1.27Section A-ALocation of Studs in Base PlateMidheightof MoldADBBBGGCCFED 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-5 AASHTO Table 1Dimensional Equi
28、valents for Figure 1 mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 107.95 1.27 4.250 0.050 3.81 0.150 20.32 0.800 114.30 2.54 4.500 0.100 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 7.62 0.300 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 152.40 2.54 6.000 0.100 9.53 0.64 0.375
29、 0.025 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 165.10 2.54 6.500 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 101.60 0.41 4.000 0.016 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 0.000943 0.000009 m30.0333 0.0005 ft3Table 2Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 2 mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 152.40 0.66 6.000 0.026 3.81
30、 0.150 20.32 0.800 158.75 1.27 6.250 0.050 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 165.10 2.54 6.500 0.100 7.62 0.300 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 203.23 2.54 8.000 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 215.90 2.54 8.
31、500 0.100 0.002124 0.000025 m30.0750 0.0009 ft33.2. Rammer: 3.2.1. Manually OperatedMetal rammer with a mass of 4.536 0.009 kg (10.00 0.02 lb) (Note 3) and having a flat circular face of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of th
32、e flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide sleeve to control the height of drop to a free fall 457 2 mm (18.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil. The guide sleeve shall have at least four vent holes, no smaller than 9.
33、5-mm (0.375-in.) diameter, spaced approximately 90 degrees (1.57 rad) apart from each end, and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted. 3.2.2. Mechanically OperatedA metal rammer that is equipped with a device to control the height of drop to
34、a free fall of 457 2 mm (18.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil, and uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surface (Note 3). The rammer shall have a mass of 4.536 0.009 kg (10.00 0.02 lb) (Note 2), and have a flat circular face of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.) diameter with a manufacturing to
35、lerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The mechanical rammer shall be calibrated by ASTM D2168 to give the same moisturedensity results as with a manually operated rammer. Note 3The mechanical rammer apparatus sha
36、ll be calibrated with several soil types and the mass of the rammer adjusted, if necessary, to give the same moisturedensity results as with the manually operated rammer. It may be impractical to adjust the mechanical apparatus so the free fall is 457 mm (18 in.) each time the rammer is dropped, as
37、with the manually operated rammer. To make the adjustment of free fall, the portion of loose soil to receive the initial blow should be slightly compressed with the rammer to establish the point of impact from which the 457-mm (18-in.) drop is determined; subsequent blows on the layer of soil being
38、compacted may all be applied by dropping the rammer from a height of 457 mm (18 in.) above the initial-setting elevation, or when the mechanical apparatus is designed with a height adjustment for each blow, all subsequent blows should have a rammer free fall of 457 mm (18 in.) measured from the elev
39、ation of the soil as compacted by the previous blow. A more detailed calibration procedure for laboratory mechanical rammer soil compactors can be found in ASTM D2168. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of a
40、pplicable law.TS-1b T 180-6 AASHTO 3.2.3. Rammer FaceThe circular face rammer shall be used but a sector face rammer may be used as an alternative provided that the report shall indicate type of face used other than the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face, and that the sector face rammer shall have an are
41、a equal to that of the circular face rammer. The in-service area of sector face rammers shall be standardized and yield a surface area within 1.5 percent of the area of the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face rammer. 3.3. Sample Extruder (for Solid-Walled Molds Only)A jack, lever, frame, or other device a
42、dapted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimen from the mold. 3.4. Balances and ScalesA balance or scale conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 5. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 2. Note 4The capacity of the metric bal ance or scale should be approx
43、imately 11.5 kg (25 lb) when used to determine the mass of the 152-mm (6-in.) mold and compacted, moist soil; however, when the 102-mm (4-in.) mold is used, a balance or scale of lesser capacity than 11.5 kg may be used, if the sensitivity and readability are 1 g. 3.5. Drying OvenA thermostatically
44、controlled drying oven capable of maintaini ng a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) for drying moisture samples. 3.6. StraightedgeA hardened steel straightedge at least 250 mm (10 in.) in leng th. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final trimming) shall be pl
45、ane within 0.1 percent of the length within the portion used for trimming the soil (Note 5). Note 5The beveled edge may be used for final trimming if the edge is true within a tolerance of 0.25 mm per 250 mm (0.1 percent) of length; however, with continued use, the cutting edge may become excessivel
46、y worn and not suitable for trimming the soil to the level of the mold. The straightedge should not be so flexible that trimming the soil surface with the cutting edge will cause a concave soil surface. 3.7. Sieves50-mm (2-in.), 19.0-mm (0.75-in.), and 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieves conforming to the requir
47、ements of ASTM E11. 3.8. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula , etc., or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments of water. 3.9. ContainersSuitable containers made of mat erial resistant to corrosion and not subject t
48、o change in mass or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Containers shall have close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture from samples before initial mass determination and to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before final mass determination. One container is needed for each moisture content determination. METHOD A 4. SAMPLE 4.1. Obtain a representative sample. This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lb) or
