1、Standard Method of Test for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile AASHTO Designation: T 280-141ASTM Designation: C497-13 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4a T 280-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test
2、for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile AASHTO Designation: T 280-141ASTM Designation: C497-13 1. SCOPE 1.1. These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe, manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are used in production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties
3、 provided for in the specifications. 1.2. The test methods appear in the following order: Section External load crushing strength 4 Flat slab tops 5 Core strength 6 Absorption 7 Hydrostatic 8 Permeability 9 Manhole step 10 Cylinder strength 11 Gasket lubricant 12 Joint shear 13 Alkalinity 14 Gasket
4、measurement 15 Off-center hydrostatic joint test 16 1.3. The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 4C 40F for the 24 h immediately preceding the test. 1.4. If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen p
5、reparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken. 1.5. Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested. 1.6. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.7. This standard does not purport to address all of
6、 the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportati
7、on Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a T 280-2 AASHTO 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials M 262, Concrete Pipe and Related Products T 22, Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Spe
8、cimens T 23, Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field T 24M/T 24, Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete T 231, Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens 2.2. ASTM Standards: C670, Standard Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for
9、Construction Materials C1231/C1231M, Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders D2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hardness E4, Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines 3. TERMINOLOGY 3
10、.1. Definitions: 3.1.1. For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see M 262. 4. EXTERNAL LOAD CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST BY THE THREE-EDGE-BEARING TEST METHOD 4.1. Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested in a machine designed to apply a crushing force upon the specimen in a plane thr
11、ough the vertical axis extending along the length of the specimen. 4.2. Significance and UseThe crushing test shall be either a quality-control test performed to establish that the finished, shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushing loads stated in the specifications or a proo
12、f of design test performed to prove the adequacy of design. 4.3. Apparatus: 4.3.1. The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficient capacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loading prescribed in Section 4.5.3. 4.3.2. The testing machine shall be substantial and rigid throughout,
13、so that the distribution of the load will not be affected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part. 4.3.3. The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall be used. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearing of two parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied through an
14、 upper bearing (Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4). At the option of the manufacturer, either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing beam shall extend the full length or any portion of the length of the specimen (Figure 5). 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
15、.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a T 280-3 AASHTO Note: The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe. Figure 1Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular Pipe 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights res
16、erved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a T 280-4 AASHTO SI Equivalents for Values in Figures 113 0.3 mm 0.01 in. 80 mm/m 1 in./ft 1.5 mm 116in. 3 mm 1/8in. 0.25 mm/mm 1/4in./in. 13 mm 1/2in. 25 mm 1 in. 250 mL/min 0.07 gal/min 50 mm 2 in. 75 mm 3 in. 26.25 kN 1800 lb 100 mm 4 in. 58
17、.33 kN 4000 lb 125 mm 5 in. 150 mm 6 in. 21C 70F 600 mm 2 ft Note: The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe. Figure 2Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch Pipe Note: The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. Figure 3Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptic
18、al Pipe 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a T 280-5 AASHTO Note: The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. Figure 4Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical P
19、ipe Figure 5Lower Bearing Strip Detail 4.3.4. The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hard rubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a cross section of not less than 50 mm 2 in. in width and not less than 25 mm 1 in. nor more than 38 mm 11/2in. in height, and shall have the top inside
20、 corners rounded to a radius of 13 mm 1/2in. Hard rubber strips shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. They shall be rectangular in cross section, having a width of not less than 50 mm 2 in., a thickness of not less than 25 mm 1 in. nor more than 38 mm 11/2in., and sha
21、ll have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of 13 mm 1/2in. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a T 280-6 AASHTO 4.3.5. The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a wooden or ste
22、el beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shall provide sufficient rigidity so that deflection is not greater than 1/720of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied. The rigid base shall be at least 150 mm 6 in. wide. The interior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel
23、and spaced a distance apart of not more than 90 mm/m 1 in./ft of specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm 1 in. The bearing faces of the lower strips shall not vary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by more than 2.5 mm/m 1/32in./ft of length under no load. 4.3.6. The upper bea
24、ring shall be a rigid wood beam with or without an attached hard rubber strip. The wood block shall be sound, free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall be fastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimensions that deflections under maximum load will not be greater than
25、 1/720of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upper bearing block shall not deviate from a straight line by more than 2.5 mm/m 1/32in./ft of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on the bearing face, it shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60, and shall have a
26、 width of not less than 50 mm 2 in. and a thickness of not less than 25 mm 1 in. nor more than 38 mm 11/2in. and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the above requirements. 4.3.7. If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the owner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet
27、 of plaster of paris not exceeding 25 mm 1 in. in thickness shall be cast on the surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of the fillet cap, upper or lower, shall not be more than 80 mm/m 1 in./ft of the specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm 1 in. 4.3.8. The equipment shall be
28、so designed that the load will be distributed about the center of the overall length (L1) of the specimen (Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4). At the option of the manufacturer, the center of the load shall be applied at any point of the overall length (L1) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either at
29、a single point or at multiple points dependent on the length of the specimen being tested and the rigidity of the test frame. Note 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple points of load applications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beams without excess deflection. 4.4
30、. CalibrationThe loading device shall be one that shall provide an accuracy of 2 percent at the specified test loads. A calibration curve shall be used. The machines used for performing the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified in accordance with ASTM E4. 4.5. Procedure: 4.5.1. Place the specim
31、en on the two lower bearing strips in such a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniform bearing on each strip. 4.5.2. Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midway between the lower bearing strips and then establish the diametrically opposite point on each end. Place the upper
32、bearing so that it is aligned with these marks. 4.5.3. For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up to a maximum of 110 kN/linear m 7500 lbf/linear ft of pipe per minute shall be used up to 75 percent of the specified design strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduc
33、ed to a maximum uniform rate of one third of the specified design strength of the pipe per minute. This rate of loading shall be continuous until the specified acceptance design strength is reached. If both the design strength and the ultimate strength are being determined, a specified rate of loadi
34、ng need not be maintained after the acceptance design strength has been reached. For nonreinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up to a maximum of 110 kN/linear m 7500 lbf/linear ft of pipe per minute may be used up to 75 percent of the specified ultimate strength, at which time the r
35、ate of loading shall be reduced to the maximum uniform rate of 44 kN/linear m 3000 lbf/linear ft of pipe per minute. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a T 280-7 AASHTO At the manufactur
36、ers option, the rates of loading in this paragraph shall be any rates that do not exceed the specified maximums. 4.5.4. As defined in M 262, the design strength is the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by the pipe before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm 0.01 in. occurs throughout a cont
37、inuous length of 300 mm 1 ft or more measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe barrel. The crack is 0.3 mm 0.01 in. in width when the point of the measuring gauge will, without forcing, penetrate 1.5 mm 1/16in. at close intervals throughout the specified distance of 300 mm 1 ft. Measure
38、 the width of the crack by means of a gauge made from a leaf 0.3 mm 0.01 in. in thickness (as in a set of standard machinist gauges), ground to a point of 1.5 mm 1/16in. in width with corners rounded and with a taper of 0.25 mm/mm 1/4in./in. as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6Gauge Leaf for Measuring Cra
39、cks Note 2As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm 0.01-in. crack is a test criterion for pipe under load in three-edge-bearing tests and is not intended as an indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions. 4.5.5. As defined in M 262, the ultimate strength is the maximum load
40、 supported by the pipe. Note 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes and shall have no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined under three-edge-bearing conditions. 4.6. ConditioningThe moisture requir
41、ements of Section 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer. 4.7. Calculations: 4.7.1. Strength test results shall be calculated in terms of newtons per linear meter pounds per linear foot. The laying length used in calculating the strength values shall be that indicated by L in Figure
42、s 1, 2, 3, and 4. For plain end pipe, no bell or spigot, the length L shall be the overall length. For pipe having a bell or spigot on one end with the opposite end being plain, L shall be the distance from the plain end to the center of the joint, where L equals the overall length minus one half of
43、 the depth of the bell, or the overall length minus one half of the length of the spigot. 4.7.2. The ultimate strength in kilonewtons per linear meter pounds per linear foot shall be calculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to the pipe by the laying length L. 4.7.3. The D-load strength i
44、n kilonewtons per linear meter per meter pounds per linear foot per foot of inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the 0.3-mm 0.01-in. crack D-load strength or 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation o
45、f applicable law.TS-4a T 280-8 AASHTO the ultimate D-load strength. The 0.3-mm 0.01-in. crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the test load required to produce the 0.3-mm 0.01-in. crack by the laying length L and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span. 4.8. Precision and BiasThe user
46、of this test method is advised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipe cannot be determined because the specimen is tested to destruction and an exact duplicate specimen cannot be obtained. Therefore, no calculations of precision and bias are presently possible. Specifications that i
47、nclude this test method for the various types of concrete pipe should include a provision for additional tests of one or more specimens. 5. TEST METHOD FOR FLAT SLAB TOPS 5.1. Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to the flat slab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top is measured. 5
48、.2. Significance and UseThe test method is a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of the design. 5.3. ConditioningThe moisture requirements of Section 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer. 5.4. ProcedurePlace the section that has been designated to receive the flat
49、 slab top on a firm, even surface. Assemble the flat slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designed to be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assemble it to the slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame as assembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has been provided to the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center of the flat slab top by means of a 300 by 300 by 100 mm 12 by 12 by 4 in. woo
