1、Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage AASHTO Designation: T 283-14 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-2d T 283-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test
2、 for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage AASHTO Designation: T 283-14 1. SCOPE 1.1. This method covers preparation of specimens and the measurement of the change of diametral tensile strength resulting from the effects of water saturation and accelerated water conditi
3、oning, with a freezethaw cycle, of compacted asphalt mixtures. The results may be used to predict long-term stripping susceptibility of the asphalt mixture and evaluate liquid antistripping additives that are added to the asphalt binder or pulverulent solids, such as hydrated lime or portland cement
4、, which are added to the mineral aggregate. 1.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: R 47, Reducing Samples of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to Testing Size T 166, Bulk S
6、pecific Gravity (Gmb) of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens T 167, Compressive Strength of Hot Mix Asphalt T 168, Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures T 209, Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm) and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) T 245, Resistance to Plastic
7、 Flow of Asphalt Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus T 247, Preparation of Test Specimens of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of California Kneading Compactor T 269, Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Asphalt Mixtures T 312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Asphalt Mixture Specimens b
8、y Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor 2.2. ASTM Standards: D979/D979M, Standard Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures D3387, Standard Test Method for Compaction and Shear Properties of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of the U.S. Corps of Engineers Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM) D3549/D
9、3549M, Standard Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 283-2 AASHTO 3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1. As n
10、oted in the scope, this method is intended to evaluate the effects of saturation and accelerated water conditioning, with a freezethaw cycle, of compacted asphalt mixtures. This method can be used to test: (a) asphalt mixtures in conjunction with mixture design testing (lab-mixed, lab-compacted); (b
11、) asphalt mixtures produced at mixing plants (field-mixed, lab-compacted); and (c) asphalt mixture cores obtained from completed pavements of any age (field-mixed, field-compacted). 3.2. Numerical indices of retained indirect-tensile properties are obtained by comparing the properties of laboratory
12、specimens subjected to moisture and freezethaw conditioning with the similar properties of dry specimens. 4. SUMMARY OF METHOD 4.1. Test specimens for each set of mix conditions, such as those prepared with untreated asphalt binder, asphalt binder treated with antistripping agent, or aggregate treat
13、ed with lime, are prepared. Each set of specimens is divided into subsets. One subset is tested in dry condition for indirect-tensile strength. The other subset is subjected to vacuum saturation and a freeze cycle, followed by a warm-water soaking cycle, before being tested for indirect-tensile stre
14、ngth. Numerical indices of retained indirect-tensile strength properties are calculated from the test data obtained by the two subsets: dry and conditioned. 5. APPARATUS 5.1. Equipment for preparing and compacting specimens from one of the following: T 167, T 245, T 247, T 312, or ASTM D3387. 5.2. E
15、quipment for determining the theoretical maximum specific gravity (Gmm) of the asphalt mixture from T 209. 5.3. Balance and water bath from T 166. 5.4. Water bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 1C (140 2F). 5.5. Freezer maintained at 18 3C (0 5F). 5.6. A supply of plastic film for wrappi
16、ng specimens; heavy-duty, leakproof plastic bags to enclose the saturated specimens; and masking tape. 5.7. 10-mL graduated cylinder. 5.8. Pans having a surface area of 48 400 to 129 000 mm2(75 to 200 in.2) in the bottom and a depth of approximately 25 mm (1 in.). 5.9. Forced-draft oven, thermostati
17、cally controlled, capable of maintaining any desired temperature setting from room temperature to 176C (350F) within 3C (5F). 5.10. Loading jack and ring dynamometer from T 245, or a mechanical or hydraulic testing machine from T 167, to provide a range of accurately controllable rates of vertical d
18、eformation, including 50 mm/min (2 in./min). 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 283-3 AASHTO 5.11. Steel loading strips with a concave surface having a radius of curvature equal to t
19、he nominal radius of the test specimen. For specimens 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter, the loading strips shall be 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wide, and for specimens 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter, the loading strips shall be 19.05 mm (0.75 in.) wide. The length of the loading strips shall exceed the thickness of the
20、 specimens. The edges of the loading strips shall be rounded to the appropriate radius of curvature by grinding. 6. PREPARATION OF LABORATORY-MIXED, LABORATORY-COMPACTED SPECIMENS 6.1. Make at least six specimens for each test, half to be tested dry and the other half to be tested after partial satu
21、ration and moisture conditioning with a freezethaw cycle (Note 1). Note 1It is recommended that two additional specimens for the set be prepared. These specimens can then be used to establish compaction procedures as given in Section 6.5 or 7.4 and the vacuum saturation technique as given in Section
22、 10.3. 6.2. Specimens 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter by 63.5 2.5 mm (2.5 0.1 in.) thick, or 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter by 95 5 mm (3.75 0.20 in.) thick are used. Specimens 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter by 95 5 mm (3.75 0.20 in.) thick should be used if aggregate larger than 25 mm (1 in.) is present in the
23、mixture. 6.3. Prepare mixtures in batches large enough to make at least three specimens or, alternatively, prepare a batch large enough to just make one specimen at a time. If preparing a multispecimen batch, split the batch into single-specimen quantities before placing in the oven. 6.4. After mixi
24、ng, the mixture shall be placed in a pan having a surface area of 48 400 to 129 000 mm2(75 to 200 in.2) in the bottom and a depth of approximately 25 mm (1 in.) and cooled at room temperature for 2 0.5 h. Then the mixture shall be placed in a 60 3C (140 5F) oven for 16 1 h for curing. The pans shoul
25、d be placed on spacers to allow air circulation under the pan if the shelves are not perforated. 6.5. After curing, place the mixture in an oven for 2 h 10 min at the compaction temperature 3C (5F) prior to compaction. Compact the specimens according to one of the following methods: T 167, T 245, T
26、247, T 312, or ASTM D3387. The mixture shall be compacted to 7.0 0.5 percent air voids. This level of voids can be obtained by adjusting the number of blows in T 245; adjusting foot pressure, number of tamps, leveling load, or some combination in T 247; or adjusting the number of revolutions in T 31
27、2 or ASTM D3387. The exact procedure must be determined experimentally for each mixture before compacting the specimens for each set (Note 2). Note 2Due to the elevated void content and potential instability of the specimens, ensure that each specimen is adequately cool and stable prior to removal f
28、rom the mold. 6.6. After removal from the molds, the specimens shall be stored for 24 3 h at room temperature. 7. PREPARATION OF FIELD-MIXED, LABORATORY-COMPACTED SPECIMENS 7.1. Make at least six specimens for each test, half to be tested dry and the other half to be tested after partial saturation
29、and moisture conditioning with a freezethaw cycle (Note 1). 7.2. Specimens 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter by 63.5 2.5 mm (2.5 0.1 in.) thick, or 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter by 95 5 mm (3.75 0.20 in.) thick are used. Specimens 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter by 2015 by the American Association of State Highway
30、 and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 283-4 AASHTO 95 5 mm (3.75 0.20 in.) thick should be used if aggregate larger than 25 mm (1 in.) is present in the mixture. 7.3. Field-mixed asphalt mixtures shall be sampled in accordance with AS
31、TM D979/D979M. 7.4. No loose-mix curing as described in Section 6.4 shall be performed on the field-mixed samples. After sampling, divide the sample to obtain the desired size in accordance with R 47. Next, place the mixture in an oven until it reaches the compaction temperature 3C (5F). Then compac
32、t the specimen according to one of the following methods: T 167, T 245, T 247, T 312, or ASTM D3387. The mixture shall be compacted to 7.0 0.5 percent air voids. This level of voids can be obtained by adjusting the number of blows in T 245; adjusting foot pressure, number of tamps, leveling load, or
33、 some combination in T 247; or adjusting the number of revolutions in T 312 or ASTM D3387. The exact procedure must be determined experimentally for each mixture before compacting the specimens for each set (Note 2). 7.5. After removal from the molds, the specimens shall be stored for 24 3 h at room
34、 temperature. 8. PREPARATION OF FIELD-MIXED, FIELD-COMPACTED SPECIMENS (CORES) 8.1. Select locations on the completed pavement to be sampled, and obtain cores. When testing pavement layers with a thickness less than or equal to 63.5 mm (2.5 in.), use 100-mm (4-in.) diameter cores. Otherwise, use eit
35、her 100-mm (4-in.) or 150-mm (6-in.) diameter cores. The number of cores shall be at least six for each set of mix conditions. 8.2. Separate the core layers as necessary by sawing them or by other suitable means, and store the layers to be tested at room temperature until they are dry. 8.3. No loose
36、-mix curing (Section 6.4) or compacted-mix curing (Section 6.6) shall be performed on the field-mixed, field-compacted specimens (cores). 9. EVALUATION AND GROUPING OF SPECIMENS 9.1. After curing, heating, or drying mixture samples or cores for the theoretical maximum specific gravity (Gmm) test as
37、described in Sections 6.4 and 6.5, Section 7.4, or Section 8.2 as appropriate, determine the Gmmof those samples by T 209. 9.2. Determine each specimen thickness (t) in accordance with ASTM D3549/D3549M. 9.3. Record each specimen diameter (D) as defined in Section 6.2, 7.2, or 8.1, as appropriate. 9
38、.4. Determine each bulk specific gravity (Gmb) by Method A of T 166. Express the volume (E) of the specimens, or the saturated, surface-dry mass minus the mass in water, in cubic centimeters. 9.5. Calculate the percentage of air voids (Pa) in accordance with T 269. 9.6. Separate the specimens into t
39、wo subsets, of at least three specimens each, so that the average air voids of the two subsets are approximately equal. 9.7. For those specimens to be subjected to vacuum saturation, a freeze cycle and a warm-water soaking cycle, calculate the volume of air voids (Va) in cubic centimeters using the
40、following equation: 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 283-5 AASHTO 100aaPEV = (1) where: Va= volume of air voids, cm3; Pa= air voids, percent; and E = volume of the specimen, cm3. N
41、ote 3A data sheet that is convenient for use with this test method is shown as Table 1. 10. PRECONDITIONING OF TEST SPECIMENS 10.1. One subset will be tested dry, and the other will be partially vacuum saturated, subjected to freezing, and soaked in warm water before testing. 10.2. The dry subset wi
42、ll be stored at room temperature as described in Section 6.6 or Section 7.5, as appropriate. At the end of the curing period from Section 6.6 or 7.5, as appropriate, the specimens shall be wrapped with plastic or placed in a heavy-duty, leakproof plastic bag. The specimens shall then be placed in a
43、25 0.5C (77 1F) water bath for 2 h 10 min with a minimum 25 mm (1 in.) of water above their surface. Then test the specimens as described in Section 11. 10.3. The other subset shall be conditioned as follows: 10.3.1. Place the specimen in the vacuum container supported a minimum of 25 mm (1 in.) abo
44、ve the container bottom by a perforated spacer. Fill the container with potable water at room temperature so that the specimens have at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water above their surface. Apply a vacuum of 13 to 67 kPa absolute pressure (10 to 26 in.Hg partial pressure) for a short time (approximately
45、 5 to 10 min). Remove the vacuum and leave the specimen submerged in water for a short time (approximately 5 to 10 min). Note 4The time required for some specimens to achieve the correct degree of saturation (between 70 and 80 percent) may be less than 5 min. In addition, some specimens may require
46、the use of an absolute pressure of greater than 67 kPa (26 in.Hg partial pressure) or less than 13 kPa (10 in.Hg partial pressure). 10.3.2. Determine the mass of the saturated, surface-dry specimen after partial vacuum saturation (B) by Method A of T 166. 10.3.3. Calculate the volume of absorbed wat
47、er (J) in cubic centimeters by use of the following equation: J = B A (2) where: J = volume of absorbed water, cm3; B = mass of the saturated, surface-dry specimen after partial vacuum saturation, g; and A = mass of the dry specimen in air, g (Section 9.4). 10.3.4. Determine the degree of saturation
48、 (S) by comparing the volume of absorbed water (J) with the volume of air voids (Va) from Section 9.6 using the following equation: 100aJSV= (3) where: S = degree of saturation, percent. 10.3.5. If the degree of saturation is between 70 and 80 percent, proceed to Section 10.3.7. 2015 by the American
49、 Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 283-6 AASHTO 10.3.6. If the degree of saturation is less than 70 percent, repeat the procedure beginning with Section 10.3.1 using more vacuum and/or time. If the degree of saturation is more than 80 percent, the specimen has been damaged and must be discarded. In this case, repeat the procedure on the next specimen beginning with S
