1、Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Cutback Asphalt Products AASHTO Designation: T 78-15 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-2a T 78-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Cutback
2、Asphalt Products AASHTO Designation: T 78-15 1. SCOPE 1.1. This test method covers a distillation test for cutback asphalt products. 1.2. The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3. This standard does not purport to
3、address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231
4、, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials T 49, Penetration of Bituminous Materials 2.2. ASTM Standards: D86, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure E1, Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E133, Standard Specification fo
5、r Distillation Equipment E220, Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques 3. SUMMARY OF METHOD 3.1. Two hundred milliliters (6.8 oz) of the sample are distilled in a 500-mL (16.9-oz) flask, at a controlled rate, to a temperature in the liquid of 360C (680F), and t
6、he volumes of distillate obtained at specified temperatures are measured. The residue from the distillation, and also the distillate itself, may be tested as required. 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1. This procedure measures the amount of the more volatile constituents in cutback asphalt products. The p
7、roperties of the residue after distillation are not necessarily characteristic of the asphalt used in the original mixture, or of the residue that may be left at any particular time after field application of the cutback asphalt product. The presence of silicone in the cutback asphalt product may af
8、fect the distillation residue by retarding the loss of volatile material after the residue has been poured into the residue container. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 78-2 AASHTO
9、5. APPARATUS 5.1. Distillation Flask500-mL (16.9-oz) side-arm type, having the dimensions shown in Figure 1. Figure 1Distillation Flask 5.2. CondenserStandard glass-jacketed, of nominal jacket length from 200 to 300 mm (7.9 to 11.8 in.) and overall tube length of 450 10 mm (17.7 0.4 in.) (see Figure
10、 2). Figure 2Distillation Apparatus 135 5 mm(5.3 0.2 in.)105 3 mm(4.1 0.1 in.)25 1.2 mm(1 0.05 in.)ID10 0.5 mm(0.4 0.02 in.)ID1.0 to 1.5 mm(0.04 0.06 in.)Wall75 3102 2.0 mm(4.0 0.08 in.)OD220 5.0 mm(8.7 0.2 in.)ThermometerCork StopperChimneyBurnerStandTwo Sheetsof Wire Gauze(16 mesh)BlottingPaperCro
11、wReceiverReceiverAdapterNot Less than25 mm (1 in.)Water JacketedCondenser200 to 300 mm(7.9 11.8 in.)MicaWindowFlask6.4 mm(0.25 in.)Tight CorkJoint650 50 mm(25.6 2 in.)450 10 mm(17.7 0.4 in.)102030405060708090100 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All right
12、s reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 78-3 AASHTO 5.3. ShieldSteel, lined with 3-mm (0.1-in.) fireproof insulation and fitted with transparent mica windows, of the form and dimensions shown in Figure 3, used to protect the flask from air currents and to reduce radiation. T
13、he cover (top) shall be made in two parts of 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) fireproof insulation. Figure 3Shield 5.4. AdapterHeavy-wall 1-mm (0.04-in.) glass, with a reinforced top, having an angle of approximately 105 degrees. The inside diameter at the large end shall be approximately 18 mm (0.7 in.), and at t
14、he small end, not less than 5 mm (0.2 in.). The lower surface of the adapter shall be on a smooth descending curve from the larger end to the smaller. The inside line of the outlet end shall be vertical, and the outlet shall be cut or ground (not fire-polished) at an angle of 45 5 degrees to the ins
15、ide line. Figure 2 indicates the appropriate location of the adapter in the distillation apparatus. 5.5. Shield and Flask SupportTwo 15 by 15-cm (6 by 6 in.) sheets of 1.18-mm (No. 16)-mesh Chromel wire gauze on a tripod or ring. 5.6. Heat Source: 5.6.1. Adjustable Tirrill-type gas burner or equival
16、ent. 5.6.2. An electric heater equipped with a transformer capable of controlling from 0 to 750 W. The shield and support shall be a refractory with an opening of 79 mm (3.1 in.), with the upper surface beveled to 86 mm (3.4 in.) to accommodate the specified 500-mL (16.9-oz) flask. When the flask is
17、 placed on the refractory, there should be a distance of approximately 3 mm (0.1 in.) between the bottom of the flask and the heating elements. 148 3 mm(5.8 0.12 in.)117 2 mm(4.6 0.07 in.)16 2 mm(0.6 0.08 in.)30 1 mm(1.2 0.04 in.)3 0.3 mm(0.1 0.01 in.)12 2 mm(0.5 0.08 in.)45 2 mm (1.8 0.08 in.)452 m
18、m(1.8 0.08 in.)562 mm(2.2 0.08 in.)MicaWindowsShieldFlanged Open-End Cylindermade of 22-gauge galvanizediron with 3-mm (0.1-in.) fireprooflining riveted to metalTwo Mica Windows areprovided at right anglesto the end slot.Cover in Two Parts148 3 mm(5.8 0.12 in.)6.4 0.5 mm(0.25 0.02 in.)117 3 mm(4.6 0
19、.12 in.)82 3 mm(13.2 0.12 in.) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 78-4 AASHTO 5.7. ReceiverA standard 100-mL (3.4-oz) graduated cylinder conforming to the dimensions of ASTM E133, or
20、 a 100-mL (3.4-oz) Crow receiver. Note 1Receivers of smaller capacity having 0.1-mL (0.003-oz) divisions may be used when low volumes of total distillate are expected and the added accuracy required. 5.8. Residue ContainerA seamless metal container with a slip-on cover of 75 5 mm (3.0 0.2 in.) in di
21、ameter and 55 5 mm (2.2 0.2 in.) in height. 5.8.1. CautionProvide a cover suitable in size and material to extinguish a flame in the residue container if the residue flames after pouring. 5.9. ThermometerASTM high-distillation thermometers having a range from 6 to 400C (20 to 760F) and conforming to
22、 the requirements for Thermometer 8C (8F) as prescribed in ASTM E1, or an equivalent thermometric device that has been calibrated in accordance with ASTM E220. ASTM 8C Thermometers shall be used for referee testing. 5.10. BalanceConforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 2. 6. SAMPLING 6.1. St
23、ir the sample thoroughly, warming it if necessary, to ensure homogeneity before removal of a portion for analysis. 6.2. If sufficient water is present to cause foaming or bumping, dehydrate a sample of not less than 250 mL (8.5 oz) by heating it in a distillation flask sufficiently large to prevent
24、foaming over into the side-arm. When foaming has ceased, stop the distillation. If any light oil has distilled over, separate and pour this material back into the flask when the contents have cooled just sufficiently to prevent the loss of volatile oil. Mix the contents of the flask thoroughly befor
25、e removal of a portion for analysis. 7. PREPARATION OF APPARATUS 7.1. Calculate the mass of 200 mL (6.8 oz) of the sample from the specific gravity of the material at 15.6/15.6C. Add this amount 0.5 g into the 500-mL (16.9-oz) flask. 7.2. Place the flask in the shield supported by two sheets of gauz
26、e on a tripod or ring. Connect the condenser tube to the tubulature of the flask with a tight cork joint. Clamp the condenser so that the axis of the bulb of the flask through the center of its neck is vertical. Adjust the adapter over the end of the condenser tube so that the distance from the neck
27、 of the flask to the outlet of the adapter is 650 50 mm (25.6 2.0 in.) (see Figure 2). 7.3. Insert the thermometer through a tightly fitting cork in the neck of the flask so that the bulb of the thermometer rests on the bottom of the flask. Raise the thermometer 6 mm (0.25 in.) from the bottom of th
28、e flask using the scale divisions on the thermometer to estimate the 6-mm (0.25-in.) distance above the top of the cork. 7.4. Protect the burner by a suitable shield or chimney. Place the receiver so that the adapter extends at least 25 mm (1 in.) but not below the 100-mL (3.4-oz) mark. Cover the gr
29、aduate closely with a piece of blotting paper, or similar material, suitably weighted, which has been cut to fit the adapter snugly. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 78-5 AASHTO 7.
30、5. The flask, condenser tube, adapter, and receiver shall be clean and dry before starting the distillation. Place the seamless residue container on its cover in an area free from drafts. 7.6. Pass cold water through the condenser jacket. Use warm water, if necessary, to prevent formation of solid c
31、ondensate in the condenser tube. 8. PROCEDURE 8.1. Correct, to the nearest 1C (2F), the temperatures to be observed in the distillation for barometric pressure in millimeters of mercury. If the prevailing barometric pressure in millimeters of mercury is known, correct the temperature to be observed
32、with the factors shown in Table 1. Do not correct for the emergent stem of the thermometer if used. See the example corrections that follow. Correction = (observed pressure in mmHg 760) correction per mmHg Correction per mmHg = 1/10the correction per 10 mmHg given in Table 1 Example: Barometric pres
33、sure = 748 mmHg Nominal observation temperature = 260C (500F) Celsius correction = (748 760) (0.632/10) = 0.758 Corrected temperature = 260 0.758 = 259C (rounded to nearest 1C) Fahrenheit correction = (748 760) (1.138/10) = 1.366 Corrected temperature = 500 1.366 = 498F (rounded to nearest 2F) Note
34、2Table 1 covers a wide range of temperatures from 160 to 360C (320 to 680F) and is preferred for worldwide specifications other than ASTM standards. Table 1Factors for Calculating Temperature Corrections Nominal Temperature, C (F) Correction per 10 mmHg Difference in Pressure,aC (F) 160 (320) 0.514
35、(0.925) 175 (347) 0.531 (0.957) 190 (374) 0.549 (0.989) 225 (437) 0.591 (1.063) 250 (482) 0.620 (1.116) 260 (500) 0.632 (1.138) 275 (527) 0.650 (1.170) 300 (572) 0.680 (1.223) 315.6 (600) 0.698 (1.257) 325 (617) 0.709 (1.277) 360 (680) 0.751 (1.351) a To be subtracted when the barometric pressure is
36、 below 760 mmHg; to be added when the barometric pressure is above 760 mmHg. 8.2. Apply heat so that the first drop of distillate falls from the end of the flask side-arm in 5 to 15 min. Conduct the distillation so as to maintain the following drop rates (count the drop count to be made at the tip o
37、f the adapter): 50 to 70 drops per minute up to 260C (500F) 20 to 70 drops per minute between 260 and 316C (500 and 600F) Not more than 10 min to complete distillation from 316 to 360C (600 to 680F) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. D
38、uplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 78-6 AASHTO Note 3Some cutback asphalt products yield either no distillate or very little distillate over portions of the temperature range up to 316C (600F). In this case, it becomes impractical to maintain the distillation rates above. For such c
39、ases, the intent of the method shall be met if the rate of temperature rise exceeds 5C (9F)/min. 8.2.1. Record the volumes of distillate to the nearest 0.5 mL (0.02 oz) in the receiver at the corrected temperatures. If the volume of distillate recovered is critical, use receivers graduated in 0.1-mL
40、 (0.003-oz) divisions and immersed in a transparent bath maintained at 15.6 3C (60 5F). 8.3. When the temperature reaches the corrected temperature of 360C (680F), discontinue the heat and remove the flask and thermometer. With the flask in a pouring position, remove the thermometer and immediately
41、pour the contents into the residue container. The total time from discontinuing the heat to starting the pour shall not exceed 30 s. When pouring, the side-arm should be substantially horizontal to prevent condensate in the side-arm from returning to the residue. Note 4The formation of skin on the s
42、urface of a residue during cooling entraps vapors that will condense and cause higher penetration results when they are stirred back into the sample. If skin begins to form during cooling, it should be gently pushed aside. This operation can be done with a spatula with a minimum of disturbance to th
43、e sample. 8.4. Allow the condenser and any distillates trapped in the condenser neck to drain into the receiver and record the total volume of distillate collected as total distillate up to 360C (680F). 8.5. When the residue has cooled until the point that fuming just ceases, stir it thoroughly, and
44、, when the material reaches 135 5C (275 9F), pour the residue into the appropriate receptacles for testing properties such as penetration, viscosity, or softening point. Proceed as required by the appropriate method from the point that follows the pouring stage. 8.6. If desired, the distillate, or t
45、he combined distillates from several tests, may be submitted to a further distillation, in accordance with ASTM D86. 9. CALCULATION AND REPORT 9.1. Asphalt ResidueCalculate the percent residue to the nearest 0.1 as follows: R = (200 TD)/200 100 where: R = residue content, in volume percent, and TD =
46、 total distillate recovered up to 360C (680F), mL. 9.1.1. Report the percent volume by difference as the residue from distillation up to 360C (680F). 9.2. Total DistillateCalculate the percent total distillate to the nearest 0.1 as follows: TD% = TD/200 100 9.2.1. Report the volume percent as the to
47、tal distillate up to 360C (680F). 9.3. Distillate Fractions: 9.3.1. Determine the percentages by volume of the original sample by dividing the observed volume (in milliliters) of the fraction by 2. Report the volume percent to the nearest 0.1 as follows: Up to 190C (374F) Up to 225C (437F) 2015 by t
48、he American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 78-7 AASHTO Up to 260C (500F) Up to 316C (600F) 9.3.2. Determine the percentages by volume of total distillate by dividing the observed volume (in millilite
49、rs) of the fraction by the milliliters recovered up to 360C (680F) and multiplying by 100. Report the distillate, volume percent of total distillate to 360C (680F), to the nearest 0.1 as follows: Up to 190C (374F) Up to 225C (437F) Up to 260C (500F) Up to 316C (600F) 9.4. Where penetration, viscosity, or other tests have been performed, report th
