1、TS-4e TP 85-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Apparent Viscosity of Hot-Poured Bituminous Crack Sealant Using Brookfield Rotational Viscometer RV Series Instrument AASHTO Designation: TP 85-10 (2013) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This test method outlines the procedure for measuring the apparent viscosity of hot
2、-poured bituminous crack sealant at elevated temperature from 150 to 200C using a rotational viscometer. 1.2. The rotational viscometer is a rotating spindle-type viscometer that meets the requirements of T 316. This test method can be used for general specification and is especially convenient for
3、use in a field laboratory or a plant site. 1.3. This standard may involve hazardous material, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety
4、 and health practices and determine the application of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standard: T 316, Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer 2.2. ASTM Standards: D 5167, Standard Practice for Melting of Hot-Applied Joint and C
5、rack Sealant and Filler for Evaluation E 1, Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E 220, Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques 2.3. Sealant Consortium (SC) Standards:1 SC-1, Guidelines for Graded Bituminous Sealants SC-2, Test Method fo
6、r Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using Brookfield Rotational Viscometer RV Series Instrument SC-3, Method for the Accelerated Aging of Bituminous Sealants SC-4, Sealant Flow and Deformation SC-5, Method to Measure Low-Temperature Sealant Flexural Creep Stiffness at Low Temp
7、erature by Bending Beam Rheometer SC-6, Method to Evaluate Sealant Extensibility at Low Temperature by Direct Tension Test SC-8, Blister Method to Predict the Adhesion of Bituminous Sealants 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplicati
8、on is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 85-2 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. hot-poured crack sealantshot-poured modified asphaltic materials used in pavement cracks and joints. 3.2. apparent viscositythe ratio of shear stress to shear rate for a liquid. This parameter is a measure of the resistance
9、 to flow of the liquid. The SI unit of viscosity is the Pascal second (Pas). 4. SUMMARY OF METHOD 4.1. Crack sealant material is homogenized according to ASTM D 5167, cut into cubes no larger than 5 mm by 5 mm and placed into standard containers. Apparent viscosity is measured utilizing the Brookfie
10、ld viscometer using Spindle #SC4-27. The spindle shall be attached to the rigid hook attachment and rotates at the speed of 60 rpm. The test shall be conducted at the manufacturers recommended installation temperature. 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1. This test is intended for bituminous sealants applie
11、d to roadway joints and cracks. 5.2. This procedure is designed to simulate the viscosity of crack sealants while pouring the sealant into the cracks. 5.3. Sealants must be homogenized (ASTM D 5167) before measuring the apparent viscosity by this method. 6. APPARATUS 6.1. Brookfield rotational visco
12、meter RV Series Instrument. 6.2. Brookfield ThermoselMaintaining a temperature ranging from 170 to 193C 1C. 6.3. Laboratory OvenAny laboratory standard oven capable of producing and maintaining a temperature ranging from 170 to 193C 1C. 6.4. Rigid hook attachment especially designed as an attachment
13、 in the Brookfield viscometer to measure hot-poured crack sealant viscosity. 6.5. Disposable aluminum containers or standard Brookfield containers. 6.6. The rotational viscometer contains sensors that monitor the applied torque and automatically display the calculated apparent viscosity. The keypad
14、on the instrument is used to enter the spindle number, zero the signal, and run the test at a selected speed. Torque and viscosity can be recorded manually, or an interface can be used to send the signal from the instrument to a personal computer. Optional software is also available that can be used
15、 to program preselected thermal profiles. This software is not needed for the specification test. However, the Thermosel must be used to control the temperature and thereby obtain acceptable reproducibility. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights re
16、served. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 85-3 AASHTO 7. HAZARDS 7.1. Standard laboratory caution should be used in handling hot sealant in accordance with ASTM D 5167, and when using the Brookfield Thermosel. Required safety procedures should be followed when chemical agents are
17、 used. 8. PREPARATION OF APPARATUS 8.1. The rotational viscometer must be leveled to function properly. A bubble-type level is normally located on top of the viscometer and is adjusted by using leveling screws located on the base. Preparing the device, leveling and aligning of the viscometer on the
18、stand, and setting the temperature of the Thermosel are explained in the operation instructions provided by the manufacturer. The detailed steps for testing are specified in T 316. 9. CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION 9.1. Temperatures of the ovens should be calibrated in accordance with each users qu
19、ality assurance program. 9.2. Thermometer (temperature detector) should be calibrated every 6 months to ensure precision of 1C. Verify and calibrate in accordance with ASTM E 1 or ASTM E 220 as applicable. 9.3. The accuracy of the viscometer should be checked annually using a certified reference flu
20、id of known viscosity following the procedure recommended by the manufacturer. 10. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES AND TEST SPECIMENS 10.1. All apparent viscosity measurements must be performed on homogenized sealant. Sealant homogenization is conducted in accordance with the procedure presented in ASTM D 51
21、67. 10.2. Once homogenized, hot sealant should be cooled down to room temperature and stored for 24 h before usage. It is recommended that a can or plastic-lined box be used as a container during the cooldown period. The container must be of sufficient size so that the sealant depth is no greater th
22、an 100 mm to allow for rapid cooling. 10.3. Cut 10.5 g of the homogenized sealant into small cubes no larger than 5 mm by 5 mm, and place the cubes in aluminum chambers. Disposable chambers installed in the Thermosel shall be used. 11. PROCEDURE 11.1. Preheat the Thermosel to test temperature and, u
23、nless otherwise noted, use the temperature recommended by the manufacturer. 11.2. Place aluminum chamber containing sealant in the Thermosel. 11.3. Turn on the viscometer and zero it. 11.4. Allow 5 min for sealant to melt. 11.5. Assemble spindle #SC4-27 and attach the spindle to a rigid rod (see Not
24、e 1). 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 85-4 AASHTO Note 1The current hook that is used for asphalt cement should not be applied to asphalt binder that contains rubber fillers, whi
25、ch would affect the spindles rotation. Figures 1 through 3 illustrate the spindle and the rigid rod. 6.87D = 2.55.75D = 2.527.3192.11(a) (b) Figure 1Rigid Rod with Spindle Assembled (a) and Schematic of Rigid Rod (b) 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All
26、rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 85-5 AASHTO Figure 2Lower Opening of 2.5 mm to Screw the Spindle to the Rigid Rod Figure 3Upper Opening of 2.5 mm to Screw the Rod to the Viscometer Head 11.6. Allow 20 min to stabilize the temperature. Adjust stirring speed of t
27、he spindle to 60 rpm. 11.7. Start testing and record the data right after 30 s of stirring. After the data are recorded, stop the test, clean the spindle, and remove the aluminum chamber. 11.8. Insert the next specimen and repeat steps 10.5 to 10.10 until four replicates are tested for each sealant.
28、 12. CALCULATION OF RESULTS 12.1. The viscosity is reported as the average of the best three out of four readings. The Brookfield viscometer measures the apparent of viscosity in centipoise. The measured viscosity may be converted to Pascal seconds by using the conversion factor 1 cps = 0.001 Pas. 2
29、013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 85-6 AASHTO 13. REPORT 13.1. Report the following information: 13.1.1. Sealant identification and supplier, 13.1.2. Lot number, 13.1.3. Date receiv
30、ed, 13.1.4. Date of apparent viscosity measurement, 13.1.5. Recommended pouring temperature, 13.1.6. Safe heating temperature, and 13.1.7. Any deviations from test temperature. 14. PRECISION AND BIAS 14.1. Single-Operator Precision (Repeatability)The figures in Column 2 of Table 1 are the coefficien
31、t of variation that have been found to be appropriate for the conditions of the test described in Column 1. Two results obtained in the same laboratory, by the same operator using the same equipment, in the shortest practical period of time, should not be considered suspect unless the difference in
32、the two results, expressed as a percent of their mean, exceeds the value given in Table 1, Column 3. 14.2. Multilaboratory Precision (Reproducibility)The figures in Column 2 of Table 1 are the coefficient of variation that have been found to be appropriate for the conditions of the test described in
33、 Column 1. Two results submitted by two different operators testing the same material in different laboratories shall not be considered suspect unless the difference in the two results, expressed as percent of their mean, exceeds the values given in Table 1, Column 3. 14.3. The rotational viscometer
34、 test is described in T 316. The reader is referred to the standard method for points of caution and details regarding the test method. 14.4. Viscosity data obtained with this test method are used to ensure that the crack sealants apparent viscosity is low enough to fill cracks and, at the same time
35、, high enough not to flow out of the crack. Ideally, the shear rates during the test should match the shear rates the sealant experiences during installation. The rotational speed of the spindle was selected at 60 rpm to resemble field pouring conditions. Changing spindle sizes and rotational speeds
36、 affect both the shear rate and the measured apparent viscosity. 14.5. Data should be collected after a specific rotation time. Excessive mixing may cause segregation, especially in the case of a rubber-modified sealant. 14.6. Excessive heating may cause volatiles to be lost from the sample or polym
37、er chains to be degraded, both of which lead to a reduction in measured apparent viscosity. In general, during testing, the sample should not be heated to temperatures greater than the pouring temperature recommended by the manufacturer. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transpor
38、tation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 85-7 AASHTO Table 1Precision Estimates Coefficient of Variation, Acceptable Range of Three Test Results, Condition (1s%)a(d2s%)aSingle-operator precision: Average viscosity (Pas) 1.62 5.4bMultilaboratory prec
39、ision: Average viscosity (Pas) 5.90 16.9 aThe precision estimates given in Table 1 are based on the analysis of test results from seven sealants with a wide range of rheological properties. The data analyzed include results from seven laboratories that conducted each test in four replicates. bAs an
40、example, two tests conducted on the same material yield viscosity results of 3.12, 3.05, 3.15 Pas, respectively. The average of these three measurements is 3.11 Pas. The acceptable range of results is then 5.4 percent of 3.11 or 0.17 Pas. As the greatest difference between each two, 0.1 is less than
41、 0.17, the results are within the acceptable range. 15. KEYWORDS 15.1. Apparent viscosity rotational viscometer; crack; fillers; hot-poured bituminous sealant; joint. 16. REFERENCES 16.1. Al-Qadi, I. L., J. F. Masson, E. Fini, S. H. Yang, and K. K. McGhee. Development of Performance-Based Guidelines
42、 for Selection of Bituminous-Based Hot-Poured Pavement Crack Sealant: An Executive Summary Report. VTRC 09-CR7. Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA, 2009. Reference for SC-17 http:/vtrc.virginiadot.org/PubDetails.aspx?PubNo=09-CR7 16.2. Al-Qadi, I. L., E. H. Fini, K. K. McG
43、hee, and M. A. Elseifi. Development of Apparent Viscosity Test for Hot-Poured Crack Sealants, Final Report. No. ICT-08-027, Illinois Center for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, December 2008(b). Reference for SC-2 http:/ict.illinois.edu/Publications/report%20files/ICT-08-027.pdf 16.3. Al-Qadi, I. L., J.
44、 F. Masson, A. Loulizi, P. Collins, J. R. Woods, S. Bundalo-Perc, and K. K. McGhee. Long-Term Accelerated Aging and Low Temperature BBR Testing of Sealants, Interim Report. No. B5508-5, National Research Council of Canada, 2004, 262 pp. Reference for SC-3, printed document only 16.4. Al-Qadi, I. L.,
45、 S. H. Yang, M. A. Elseifi, S. Dessouky, A. Loulizi, J. F. Masson, and K. K. McGhee. Characterization of Low Temperature Creep Properties of Crack Sealants Using Bending Beam Rheometry, Final Report. No. ICT-08-029, Illinois Center for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, December 2008. Reference for SC-5 h
46、ttp:/ict.illinois.edu/Publications/report%20files/ICT-08-029.pdf 16.5. Al-Qadi, I. L., S. H. Yang, J. F. Masson, and K. K. McGhee. Characterization of Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Crack Sealants Utilizing Direct Tension Test, Final Report. No. ICT-08-028, Illinois Center for Transportati
47、on, Rantoul, IL, December 2008. Reference for SC-6 http:/ict.illinois.edu/Publications/report%20files/ICT-08-028.pdf 16.6. Al-Qadi, I. L., E. H. Fini, H. D. Figueroa, J. F. Masson, and K. K. McGhee. Adhesion Testing Procedure for Hot-Poured Crack Sealants, Final Report. No. ICT-08-026, Illinois Cent
48、er for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, December 2008. Reference for SC-7 and SC-8 http:/ict.illinois.edu/Publications/report%20files/ICT-08-026.pdf 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 8
49、5-8 AASHTO 16.7. Collins, P., M. Veitch, J. F. Masson, and I. L. Al-Qadi. “Deformation and Tracking of Bituminous Sealants in Summer Temperatures: Pseudo-Field Behavior.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2008, pp. 18. Reference for SC-4 1These standards were developed through a pooled-fund study sponsored by several AASHTO member departments, the University of Illinois, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), and the National Research Council of
