1、Standard Method of Test for Measuring Adhesion of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using Direct Adhesion Tester AASHTO Designation: TP 89-10 (2015)1American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4e TP 89-1 AASHTO Standard
2、 Method of Test for Measuring Adhesion of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using Direct Adhesion Tester AASHTO Designation: TP 89-10 (2015)11. SCOPE 1.1. The direct adhesion test is used to determine the adhesion strength of hot-poured crack sealant at the application temperatures. 1.2. The adhesion test is
3、 a test of fracture. The object of the test is to apply tensile forces to the interface between sealant and aluminum end pieces. Sealant is confined between two half-cylindrical aluminum end pieces. The applied force and displacement can be recorded as functions of time. Energy required to break the
4、 bond can be calculated by measuring the area under the load-displacement curve. This energy can be considered a measure of bonding. In addition, the maximum force to failure can be reported as adhesion strength. 1.3. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, asso
5、ciated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish and follow appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. ASTM Standards: D5167, Standard Practice for Melting of Hot-
6、Applied Joint and Crack Sealant and Filler for Evaluation D5176, Standard Test Method for Total Chemically Bound Nitrogen in Water by Pyrolysis and Chemiluminescence Detection E1, Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E220, Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples
7、 By Comparison Techniques 2.2. Sealant Consortium (SC) Standards:2 SC-1, Guidelines for Graded Bituminous Sealants SC-2, Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using Brookfield Rotational Viscometer RV Series Instrument SC-3, Test Method for Accelerated Aging of Bit
8、uminous Sealants and Fillers with a Vacuum Oven SC-4, Test Method for Evaluation of the Tracking Resistance of Bituminous Sealants and Fillers by Dynamic Shear Rheometry SC-5, Test Method to Measure Low-Temperature Flexural Creep Stiffness of Bituminous Sealants and Fillers by Bending Beam Rheometer
9、 (BBR) SC-6, Test Method for Evaluation of the Low-Temperature Tensile Property of Bituminous Sealants by Direct Tension Test SC-7, Direct Adhesion Test Method for Measuring Adhesion of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using a Direct Tensile Tester 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Trans
10、portation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-2 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions: 3.1.1. adhesionthe maximum force and energy required to separate bituminous sealant from a standard substrate. 3.1.2. hot-poured crack sealantshot-poured modifi
11、ed asphaltic materials used in pavement cracks and joints. 4. SUMMARY OF METHOD 4.1. Crack sealant material is homogenized, following the procedure given in ASTM D5176. For each test including four replicates, cut 40 g of sealant and heat to the manufacturers recommended pouring temperature. Sealant
12、 will be poured in the mold placed between the two half-cylindrical aluminum end pieces. The mold confines the sealant at the bottom and between the two aluminum end pieces at the sides. 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1. This procedure is designed to measure the adhesion of hot-poured sealant to aggregat
13、e. 5.2. Sealants must be rehomogenized (ASTM D5176) before measuring the adhesion by this method. 6. APPARATUS 6.1. Modified Direct Tension Tester (DTT) machine; 6.2. Chiller that can reach 40 0.5C; 6.3. Laboratory OvenAny standard laboratory oven capable of producing and maintaining temperatures ra
14、nging from 170 to 193C 0.5C; 6.4. Release agent; and 6.5. Four test setups, four molds, and a rubber band. 7. HAZARDS 7.1. Standard laboratory caution should be used in handling hot sealant in accordance with ASTM D5167, and when using the direct tension tester (DTT). Required safety procedures shou
15、ld be followed when chemical agents are used. 8. PREPARATION OF APPARATUS 8.1. The DTT bath must be adjusted to a specific temperature. The sitting posts must be leveled to function properly. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplicat
16、ion is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-3 AASHTO 9. CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION 9.1. Temperature of the ovens should be calibrated according to each users quality assurance program. 9.2. Temperature of the chiller should be calibrated according to each users quality assurance program. 9
17、.3. Thermometer (temperature detector)Verify the calibration of the temperature-sensing device to 0.1C every 6 months in accordance with ASTM E1 or ASTM E220, as applicable. 10. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES AND TEST SPECIMENS 10.1. All adhesion strength measurements must be performed on rehomogenized seal
18、ant. Follow the procedure for homogenization given in ASTM D5176. It is recommended that a minimum of 400 g of sealant be homogenized. 10.2. Once homogenized, hot sealant should be molded, cooled, and stored for later use. To store the sealant, it is recommended that a can or plastic-lined box be us
19、ed as a container. The mold must be of sufficient size that the sealant depth is no greater than 100 mm to allow for rapid cooling. 10.3. Adjust the ovens temperature to recommended pouring temperature for the sealant being tested. 10.4. Turn on the DTT machine, load the program, and cool the chille
20、r to test temperature. 10.5. Place a half cylinder of aluminum end piece in each grip and tighten it (Figure 1). Figure 1Placing Each End Piece in One Grip and Tightening It 10.6. Coat the specimen-forming surfaces of the two mold side plates of the aluminum mold with the release agent. The coating
21、shall be applied so as to produce a thin uniform film on the metal surface such that no part of the metal surface is exposed. (See Figure 2.) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-4
22、 AASHTO Figure 2Spraying Release Agent on the Mold 10.7. Assemble the setup, which is composed of an aluminum end piece on each side and an aluminum mold in between (Figure 3). Wrap a rubber band around the setup to keep all the components in place (Figure 4). Figure 3Placing Two End Pieces on the M
23、old Figure 4Using a Rubber Band and Holding the Assembly in Place 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-5 AASHTO 10.8. Place the notch on the edge of one of the aluminum end pieces.
24、 10.9. Prepare a can of sealant by cutting 35 g of homogenized sealant for each set of four samples. 10.10. Place the can in the oven for 15 min (Figure 5). Remove can from the oven, stir the sealant thoroughly, and place it back in the oven for another 15 min. Figure 5Heating 35 g of Homogenized Se
25、alant at Recommended Pouring Temperature for 30 min 10.11. Remove the can from the oven, stir the sealant thoroughly, and pour into all the assembled setups. Use four replicates for each sealant. Care should be taken in filling up the molds to prevent any trapped air bubbles in the sample (Figure 6)
26、. Figure 6Removing the Sealant from the Oven, Mixing Thoroughly, and Pouring It in the Mold from One Corner 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-6 AASHTO 10.12. Let samples set for
27、 1 h at room temperature (Figure 7). Figure 7Letting Sealant Set for 1 h at Room Temperature 10.13. Trim the excessive sealant away with a hot spatula. Move spatula once over and parallel to the interface of the sample. Trimming direction shall not be changed during trimming. Use a well- heated spat
28、ula to prevent any shearing of the sealant (Figure 8). Figure 8Trimming the Extra Sealant Away Using a Heated Spatula 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-7 AASHTO 10.14. Use two t
29、ongs to grab the plate underneath the specimen and place the specimens in the cooling bath (Figure 9). Figure 9Grabbing the Base Plate with Two Tongs, and Placing It in the Cooling Bath 10.15. Remove the plates underneath each specimen (Figure 10), and leave the specimens in the bath for 15 min (Fig
30、ure 11). Figure 10Removing the Base Plates 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-8 AASHTO Figure 11Leaving the Specimens in the Cooling Bath for 15 min 10.16. Remove one specimen at
31、 a time from the bath (Figure 12) and place it on a flat surface. Figure 12Holding Its Center with Tongs and Removing One Specimen at a Time 10.17. Flip the specimen on a flat surface (Figure 13), remove the rubber band (Figure 14), and keep the two end pieces in place using the index fingers (Figur
32、e 15). Remove the mold with your thumb. Figure 13Flipping the Specimen on a Flat Surface 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-9 AASHTO Figure 14Removing the Rubber Band Figure 15Re
33、moving the Mold While Keeping the Two End Pieces in Place 10.18. Flip back the specimen, and push back the notch horizontally until it comes off (Figure 16). Figure 16Flipping Back the Specimen and Pushing the Notch Horizontally Until It Comes Off 2015 by the American Association of State Highway an
34、d Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-10 AASHTO 10.19. Place the specimen back in the bath (Figure 17). Figure 17Grabbing the Specimen from Two Corners and Placing It Back in the Bath 10.20. Repeat steps 10.16 through 10.19 until all
35、 specimens are demolded. 10.21. Leave the specimens for 45 min in the bath prior to testing (Figure 18). Figure 18Leaving the Specimens for 45 min in the Bath 10.22. Open the DTT test builder program, adjust the machine so the sample can sit freely on the posts, and place the specimen on the posts (
36、Figure 19A). Care should be taken not to disturb the specimen. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-11 AASHTO 10.23. Run the test and record the data (Figures 19B and 19C). A B C F
37、igure 19 Mounting the Specimen in the DTT Machine, Running the Test to Completion, and Removing the Sample after Test Completion 11. CALCULATION OF RESULTS 11.1. Find the maximum load (Pmax) to failure and its correspondent displacement. 11.2. Find the bonding energy (E), by calculating the area und
38、er the load-displacement curve up to the maximum load and dividing it by the cross-sectional area of the aluminum end piece. 11.3. Report the Pmaxand E as the selection thresholds. 12. REPORT 12.1. Report the following information: 12.1.1. Sealant identification and supplier, 12.1.2. Lot number, 12.
39、1.3. Date received, 12.1.4. Date of apparent viscosity measurement, 12.1.5. Recommended pouring temperature, 12.1.6. Safe heating temperature, and 12.1.7. Any deviations from test temperature. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplica
40、tion is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-12 AASHTO 13. PRECISION AND BIAS 13.1. Single-Operator Precision (Repeatability)The results obtained in the same laboratory, by the same operator using the same equipment, in the shortest practical period of time, should not be considered suspect unl
41、ess the difference in the two results, expressed as a percent of their mean, exceeds the value given in Table 1. Table 1Precision Estimates Condition Coefficient of Variation (1s%)aSingle-operator precision: Average viscosity (Pas) 19.3 aThe precision estimate given in Table 1 is based on the analys
42、is of test results from seven sealants with a wide range of rheological properties. The data analyzed include results from two operators in the same laboratory who conducted each test in four replicates. 14. KEYWORDS 14.1. Adhesion; bond; crack; fillers; hot-poured bituminous sealant; joint. 15. REF
43、ERENCES 15.1. Al-Qadi, I. L., J. F. Masson, E. Fini, S. H. Yang, and K. K. McGhee. Development of Performance-Based Guidelines for Selection of Bituminous-Based Hot-Poured Pavement Crack Sealant: An Executive Summary Report. VTRC 09-CR7. Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA,
44、 2009. Reference for SC-17 http:/vtrc.virginiadot.org/PubDetails.aspx?PubNo=09-CR7 15.2. Al-Qadi, I. L., E. H. Fini, K. K. McGhee, and M. A. Elseifi. Development of Apparent Viscosity Test for Hot-Poured Crack Sealants, Final Report. No. ICT-08-027. Illinois Center for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, D
45、ecember 2008(b). Reference for SC-2 https:/www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/45987/ICT-08-027.pdf?sequence=2 15.3. Al-Qadi, I. L., J. F. Masson, A. Loulizi, P. Collins, J. R. Woods, S. Bundalo-Perc, and K. K. McGhee. Long-Term Accelerated Aging and Low Temperature BBR Testing of Sealants
46、. Interim Report No. B5508-5. National Research Council of Canada, 2004, 262 pp. Reference for SC-3 printed document only 15.4. Al-Qadi, I. L., S. H. Yang, M. A. Elseifi, S. Dessouky, A. Loulizi, J. F. Masson, and K. K. McGhee. Characterization of Low Temperature Creep Properties of Crack Sealants U
47、sing Bending Beam Rheometry, Final Report. No. ICT-08-029, Illinois Center for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, December 2008. Reference for SC-5 https:/www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/45989/ICT-08-029.pdf?sequence=2 15.5. Al-Qadi, I. L., S. H. Yang, J. F. Masson, and K. K. McGhee. Charact
48、erization of Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Crack Sealants Utilizing Direct Tension Test, Final Report. No. ICT-08-028. Illinois Center for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, December 2008. Reference for SC-6 https:/www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/45988/ICT-08-028.pdf?sequence=2 20
49、15 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e TP 89-13 AASHTO 15.6. Al-Qadi, I. L., E. H. Fini, H. D. Figueroa, J. F. Masson, and K. K. McGhee. Adhesion Testing Procedure for Hot-Poured Crack Sealants, Final Report. No. ICT-08-026. Illinois Center for Transportation, Rantoul, IL, December 2008. Reference for SC-7 and SC-8 https:/www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/45986/ICT-08-026
