1、Standard Method of Test for Protective Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete AASHTO Designation: TP 96-13 (2015)1American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4c TP 96-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Protecti
2、ve Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete AASHTO Designation: TP 96-13 (2015)11. SCOPE 1.1. This method covers test methods and selection criteria for prequalification of sealers for protecting new concrete or prolonging the life of sound in-service concrete used in highway structures. Sealer testing
3、and evaluation for routine and job site product quality assurance, field performance, and re-application are provided in the “Guideline for Quality Assurance, Job Site Quality Control, and Reapplication of Protective Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete.” 1.2. Sealers are divided into two basic type
4、s: coatings, which remain on the surface; and penetrants, which penetrate into the concrete to some measurable depth and do not substantially change the appearance of the concrete. 1.3. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M
5、 6, Fine Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 80, Coarse Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 233, Boiled Linseed Oil Mixture for Treatment of Portland Cement Concrete T 22, Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens T 160, Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic Cement Mortar and
6、Concrete T 161, Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing T 260, Sampling and Testing for Chloride Ion in Concrete and Concrete Raw Materials T 278, Surface Frictional Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester 2.2. ASTM Standards: C33/C33M, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregate
7、s C39/C39M, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens C138/C138M, Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete C143/C143M, Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete C157/C157M, Standard Test M
8、ethod for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete C192/C192M, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory C231/C231M, Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method 2015 by the American Association of
9、 State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4c TP 96-2 AASHTO C494/C494M, Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete C496/C496M, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
10、 C511, Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes C642, Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete C666/C666M, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete t
11、o Rapid Freezing and Thawing C672/C672M, Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals C1064/C1064M, Standard Test Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic-Cement Concrete C1152/C1152M, Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar
12、and Concrete C1315, Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds Having Special Properties for Curing and Sealing Concrete C1583/C1583M, Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete Surfaces and the Bond Strength or Tensile Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials b
13、y Direct Tension (Pull-Off Method) D490, Standard Specification for Road Tar D891, Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals D2369, Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings D4138, Standard Practices for Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Prot
14、ective Coating Systems by Destructive, Cross-Sectioning Means D4541, Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers D5095, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Nonvolatile Content in Silanes, Siloxanes and Silane-Siloxane Blends Used in Masonry Water
15、Repellent Treatments D6132, Standard Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using an Ultrasonic Coating Thickness Gage D6762, Standard Test Method for Determining the Hiding Power of Paint by Visual Evaluation of Spray Applied Coatings D7089, Sta
16、ndard Practice for Determination of the Effectiveness of Anti-Graffiti Coating for Use on Concrete, Masonry and Natural Stone Surfaces by Pressure Washing E260, Standard Practice for Packed Column Gas Chromatography E274/E274M, Standard Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-
17、Scale Tire E355, Standard Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relationships E573, Standard Practices for Internal Reflection Spectroscopy E1252, Standard Practice for General Techniques for Obtaining Infrared Spectra for Qualitative Analysis 2.3. Other References: Pfeifer, D. W., and M. J. Sca
18、li. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 244: Concrete Sealers for Protection of Bridge Structures. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1981, 138 pp. Munshi, S., and L. Millstein. Low Cost Bridge Deck Surface Treatment. Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA/RD=84/001, 19
19、84, 70 pp. New York 717-01E, Protective Sealers for Structural Concrete (Water Absorption) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4c TP 96-3 AASHTO FHWA-RI-90-1, “Laboratory Evaluation of Con
20、crete Sealers for Vertical Highway Structures” Cady, Philip D. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 209: Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete Highway Facilities. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994 Alberta Infrastructure, Technical Standards Branch. BT001, Test Procedure for Measuring the Va
21、pour Transmission, Waterproofing and Hiding Power of Concrete Sealers Alberta Infrastructure, Technical Standards Branch. BT002, Test Procedure for Alkaline Resistance of Penetrating Sealers for Bridge Concrete Alberta Infrastructure, Technical Standards Branch. BT008, Test Procedure for Finger Prin
22、ting Sealers Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatographic Separation Alberta Infrastructure, Technical Standards Branch. BT010, Test Procedure for Casting and Storing of Concrete Test Specimens for Use in Approval Testing of Sealers 3. SEALER PROPERTIES 3.1. A number of performance categories
23、 must be considered when choosing a sealer. There are basic properties that are universally significant for all sealers and other special properties that depend on the intended application. The performance categories include the following: 3.2. Universal PropertiesAll sealers, by definition, are int
24、ended to reduce water penetration into concrete and to extend the service life of the concrete. Most sealers for highway structures are used to reduce the ingress of chlorides from deicers or seawater to protect the embedded reinforcing steel from corrosion. Therefore, improving the resistances, in
25、concrete, to both water and chloride penetration is a basic property of all sealers. Highway structures are exposed to their environments, so all sealers must work under a variety of environmental conditions (temperature and moisture) and be durable to weathering and alkalis present in the concrete.
26、 Reasonable curing or drying time is also needed, so that the sealers are not damaged by rain shortly after treatment and to avoid lengthy lane closures of decks when sealers are installed. Good vapor transmission of sealed surfaces is a preferred property of most sealers, since this property allows
27、 moisture that is present or able to penetrate into the treated structure to dry as environmental conditions permit. Nonbreathable sealers have limited applications in highway structures, since preventing concrete from drying between rain events limits the sealer effectiveness at slowing moisture-dr
28、iven deterioration mechanisms. Improperly applied, non-breathable sealers can trap water in concrete and increase moisture-drive deterioration. Sealers should be effective on both new and older concrete, but specific materials can be tested and specified for each condition. 3.3. Traffic Exposure Res
29、istanceSealers on traveled surfaces must not reduce the frictional properties of the concrete and must be effective after traffic wear. Penetrants require good penetration to remain effective after surface wear, and coatings must be wear resistant. Rapid curing may also be needed if applied during s
30、hort lane closure periods. 3.4. FreezeThaw, Scaling, and Concrete DurabilitySealers can be used to improve the concretes resistance to cyclic freezing damage or surface scaling. Special tests recreating cyclic freezing conditions are presented to evaluate these properties. Sealers have also been use
31、d to extend the service life of structures with other concrete distress. Such deleterious reactions are highly dependent on site conditions and materials, and no widely useful test can be proposed to characterize the ability of sealer to slow or stop all types of concrete deterioration. However, in
32、a general sense, the ability of sealer to retard moisture ingress will be a determining factor in the likelihood that such reactions will be affected. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4
33、c TP 96-4 AASHTO 3.5. Adverse ConditionsIt may be necessary to apply the sealer under adverse conditions, such as very low ambient temperatures or very high moisture conditions. In these cases, a sealer must be chosen that can be installed and offer protection under these adverse conditions. 3.6. Ot
34、her Considerations: 3.6.1. ColorColor and final appearance may be important for some structures. If the color of the treated concrete is important, test blocks or mock-ups should be treated with candidate materials for evaluation prior to use. 3.6.2. SafetySealers must be safe to store, handle, and
35、apply. Several sealer types involve toxic or hazardous components and may not meet local air quality regulations. 3.6.3. EconomyIt is desirable that the chosen sealer have a low initial cost; however, this should not take precedence over life-cycle costs. Cost-based decision making should include co
36、nsideration of the sealer effectiveness and the frequency of reapplication necessary to maintain effectiveness. 4. GENERAL SEALER TYPES 4.1. Sealers commonly used for concrete vary widely in chemistry and application rates. The following discusses the most common types of sealers used and provides s
37、ome general precautions. Review of manufacturer data sheets and recommendations as well as MSDS safety sheets is essential before using any sealer. 4.2. Linseed OilLinseed oil is one of the earliest materials to be used to protect concrete. It penetrates the surface and forms a partial barrier to wa
38、ter. It has been used on decks and does not materially change the original frictional properties of the concrete if applied at the proper rate. Compared to solutions, emulsions of linseed oil may be less effective and have a reduced service life. Linseed oil is easily applied and safety hazards are
39、minimal; only routine precautions for handling and using flammable liquids are necessary. Application of linseed oil may be readily accomplished by brush, squeegee, roller, hand sprayer, or power sprayer. For the best results on new concrete surfaces, the concrete should be allowed to cure for about
40、 30 days prior to the application of the compound. The concrete surface should be dry and at a temperature of not less than 10C (50F) at the time of application. Two approximately equal applications are best with a 24-h minimum drying time between applications. To remain effective, concrete surfaces
41、 should be recoated annually for 2 years followed by a biannual or triannual schedule of treatment. Cleaning of tools and equipment is accomplished by use of kerosene or other petroleum solvents. Use appropriate safety precautions when using these solvents. 4.3. Epoxy ResinsEpoxy is usually consider
42、ed a coating but may penetrate the concrete slightly depending on the formulation. The two-component epoxy resin system forms a sealer that is tough, hard, and resistant to chemicals and weathering. Coating pinholes (small breaks in the coating that develop during curing) can be a problem but can be
43、 avoided by use of a suitable primer or by applying two coats. Also, application when the concrete is cooling helps prevent pinholes. Thick coatings can flake or peel due to a difference in thermal expansion of the coating and the concrete or due to improper surface preparation. They can also reduce
44、 frictional properties and may polish with time. The use of a suitable aggregate spread over the freshly applied coating greatly improves frictional properties. It is essential that the recommendations of the manufacturer be followed precisely for mixing, application procedures, and equipment use. R
45、ecommended safety practices must be followed carefully. All materials should be within acceptable temperature ranges before mixing. Thorough mixing of the components in the specified proportions is essential. No more should be mixed than will be used within the pot life of the materials. Small-batch
46、 mixing can best be done in clean, dry pails or 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4c TP 96-5 AASHTO disposable containers using a mechanical stirrer, although hand mixing is acceptable i
47、f sufficient care is exercised. For large jobs, specialized continuous mixing equipment should be used. Application on small areas can readily be made by brush, roller, squeegee, hand sprayer, or other means. Power spray equipment is most effective for covering large areas. For most epoxy formulatio
48、ns, the temperature of the concrete surface should not be less than 15C (60F); however, special formulations can be used at lower temperatures. Equipment used in application must be cleaned using solvent washes before the epoxy sets, as recommended by the manufacturer. Use appropriate safety precaut
49、ions when using these solvents. 4.4. Silanes and SiloxanesThese penetrant materials are widely used. They penetrate into the concrete matrix and react chemically with the concrete to form a hydrophobic surface layer. The effectiveness and depth of penetration is usually related to the amount of active solids content and the amount of material applied. They can be applied in one coat, but usually two or more coats provide better performance. Normally, these materials should no
