1、Practitioners Guide for Alternative Cements Reported by ACI Innovation Task Group 10 ACI ITG-10R-18First Printing April 2018 ISBN: 978-1-64195-009-1 Pracitioners Guide for Alternative Cements Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may n
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11、 Concrete Codes, Specifications, and Practices. American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701 www.concrete.orgAs performance demands of concrete increase, and given recent initiatives to address the sustainability of const
12、ruction, owners, architects, and engineers are actively seeking alternatives to portland cement for concrete. An alternative cement is intended to be a replacement for portland cement in some applications. In some cases, alternative cements may also be used in combina- tion with portland or blended
13、hydraulic cements. This document covers currently available and emerging alternative cements and is intended to provide information to help guide practitioners seeking to implement alternative cements. Keywords: alkali-activated fly ash cement; alkali-activated glass cement; alkali-activated slag ce
14、ment; alkali activation; alternative cements; calcium aluminate cement; calcium sulfoaluminate cement; carbonated calcium silicate cement; durability; functional addition; geopolymer; magnesium oxychloride cement; magnesium phosphate cement; reactive belite cement; specifications; supersulfated ceme
15、nt; sustainability; test method. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 1 1.1Introduction, p. 1 1.2Background, p. 2 1.3Scope, p. 2 1.4Organization of this guide, p. 2 CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 3 2.1Definitions, p. 3 CHAPTER 3ALTERNATIVE CEMENT PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS, p. 3 3.1Available alte
16、rnative cement technologies, p. 3 CHAPTER 4SELECTED CASE STUDIES, p. 6 4.1Calcium aluminate cement (CAC), p. 7 4.2Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), p. 8 4.3Activated fly ash and slag, p. 8 CHAPTER 5GUIDELINES FOR USE, p. 10 5.1Mixture design, p. 10 5.2Construction, p. 11 5.3Design properties, p. 12 CHAP
17、TER 6SUMMARY, p. 12 CHAPTER 7REFERENCES, p. 12 Authored documents, p. 12 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1Introduction This guide is intended as an introduction for engineers, architects, contractors, and owners who are interested in using an alternative cement on a project, but lack experi- ence
18、with these materials. This guide assumes the reader has experience with conventional concrete materials and construction, and is seeking knowledge on how these new cement technologies compare to portland cement when used in concrete. The alternative cement properties summarized in this document are
19、those reported for properly designed and placed alternative cement concretes. As with all types of concrete, material quality, mixture design, curing method- Lawrence L. Sutter, Chair ACI ITG-10R-18 Practitioners Guide for Alternative Cements Reported by ACI Innovation Task Group 10 Mary U. Christia
20、nsen Jonathan E. Dongell James K. Hicks R. Douglas Hooton Kevin A. MacDonald Claudio E. Manissero Anol K. Mukhopadhyay Deepak Ravikumar ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended
21、for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated princip
22、les. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory langu
23、age for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. ACI ITG-10R-18 was adopted and published April 2018. Copyright 2018, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by elec
24、tronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 1ology, and placement technique are all crucial to obtaining the d
25、esired properties; the examples presented are not universally applicable but are illustrative of what to expect from specific alternative cements. 1.2Background Portland cement concrete (PCC) is unrivaled when it comes to versatility and durability and, as such, is the most widely used man-made mate
26、rial on Earth. Countless civil engineering and architectural structures use concrete in their construction, including roads, bridges, public water and sanitary systems, and buildings. Almost 200 years of experi- ence has resulted in a solid, practical understanding of how PCC works, and with the cor
27、rect mixture design and mate- rials, practitioners can manipulate concrete to easily meet the needs of society. As engineers, architects, and contractors continue to push the bounds of what is possible in design and construction, materials must evolve as well, which is where alternative cements come
28、 in. To serve as an alternative to portland cement, a binder technology needs to offer demonstrable improvements when considering factors such as environ- mental impact, life-cycle cost (LCC), and performance. The use of an alternative cement is motivated by one or more of three main drivers: 1. Red
29、uced costboth initial cost and LCC 2. Reduced environmental impact 3. The need for specific properties unattainable with PCC Improving the sustainability of construction is clearly one force driving the emergence of alternative cement concrete technologies. Increasingly, construction alternatives ar
30、e being considered in terms of their LCC, in addition to or in place of initial cost. When it comes to LCC determination, the industry has considerable experience with PCC and can estimate the individual costs that contribute to the LCC. For some alternative cements, the industry still needs to deve
31、lop that experience and establish life-cycle costs. A life-cycle cost is strongly intertwined with the materials functional performance and is inextricably linked to its durability. Given their recent development, long-term durability data are not available for all alternative cements. As is the cas
32、e with all manufacturing processes, portland cement production has environmental impacts that repre- sent a cost to society. Chief among these are: 1) the energy- intensive nature of producing portland cement; and 2) the inherent release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the production process. A
33、 key advantage of alternative cement production is a significant reduction in environmental impact as compared to portland cement. The specific nature of the reduction varies between different alternative cement technologies. Burris et al. (2015) states manufacture of the alternative cements describ
34、ed in this document results in anywhere from 44 to 84 percent of the CO 2associated with the production of an equal mass of portland cement. Apart from sustainability considerations, in some appli- cations an alternative cement concrete may offer enhanced functional performance when compared to PCC,
35、 and in those cases, the market value of the alternative cement concrete may exceed that of PCC. In most cases, however, initial costs should be similar for an alternative cement to be considered for use. More importantly, for alternative cements to replace PCC in less-specialized applications, func
36、tional equivalence with PCC is required. Functional equivalence is required due to the empirical nature of the concrete design and construc- tion environment. Demonstrated performance, both in the laboratory and in practice, is required to ensure that life- safety considerations are met when using a
37、lternative cement concrete in place of PCC. Demonstrating this performance to specifiers has been a challenge for alternative cement producers largely due to the lack of a clear testing protocol or, in some cases, the lack of applicable tests. Another aspect of functional performance is construc- ta
38、bility. To achieve the desired hardened properties, the concrete must be properly placed and cured in the field. This aspect limits the application of some alternative cements that require specific non-atmospheric curing regimes such as a CO 2 -rich curing environment, or elevated temperatures. For
39、other alternative cements, rapid setting and rapid strength gain, as compared to PCC, are principal value-added aspects of their performance. Constructability also depends on the availability of knowledgeable people to both place and adjust the mixture designs to achieve the desired perfor- mance. T
40、herefore, it is necessary to have a workforce that is trained and able to proportion, test, mix, place, and cure these new materials. 1.3Scope This guide covers both currently available and emerging alternative cements, and is intended to aid people interested in using alternative cements in a proje
41、ct. A brief summary of each of the alternative cement technologies is provided, as well as selected case studies and a guideline for use that addresses mixture design as well as construction and design properties. References made to portland cement and port- land cement production are for comparison
42、 purposes only. An in-depth discussion of portland cement is not within the scope of this guide. 1.4Organization of this guide This guide is organized into five chapters; a synopsis of each is presented below. Chapter 1Introduction and Scope: Describes the need for alternative cements and identifies
43、 the scope and objectives of this guide. Chapter 2Notation and Definitions: Defines termi- nology unique to alternative cements or not currently defined in ACI Concrete Terminology. Chapter 3Alternative Cement Properties and Appli- cations: Summarizes the alternative cement technologies currently co
44、nsidered commercially available, as well as those in development. Chapter 4Selected Case Studies: Provides selected case studies to help illustrate how some of these materials have been used successfully. Chapter 5Guidelines for Use: Provides guidelines for issues to consider when deciding to use an
45、 alternative American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org 2 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE FOR ALTERNATIVE CEMENTS (ACI ITG-10R-18)cement including mixture design, construction, and design properties. Many of these issues can be resolved in dialogue with the alternative cement producer, al
46、though some will require testing prior to design or construction. Chapter 6Summary: Provides a brief summary of the document. CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology.” Defini- tions provided herein complement that so
47、urce. 2.1Definitions alkali activationthe process of using an alkali-based solution to cause the dissolution of an alumino-silicate precursor and initiating the chemical reactions leading to the formation of reaction products. alkali activatoran alkali-based solution that causes alkali activation. N
48、ote: Examples of alkali activators include concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Molar strengths of up to 10M are typical. alternative cementan inorganic cement that can be used as a complete replacement for portland or blended hydraulic cements, and that is not covered by app
49、licable specifications for portland or blended hydraulic cements. Note: An alternative cement or alternative cement blend could provide better performance than that of portland or blended hydraulic cement in some applications. An alter- native cement, however, might not perform adequately as a replacement for portland or blended hydraulic cement in every application. In some cases, alternative cements can also be used in combination with portland or blended hydraulic cements. functional additiona substance other than water that is added to, or
