1、GEOP Gas Engineering and Operating Practices A Series by the Operating Section The American Gas Association Volume I SUPPLY Book S-2 Supplemental Gases Peak Shaving/Base Load The American Gas Association Arlington, Virginia Legal Notice The Gas Engineering and Operating Practices Series was prepared
2、 by the American Gas Association (A.G.A.), its member companies and other individuals and groups with an interest in the natural gas industry. Neither A.G.A., its member companies, employees, nor any person acting on their behalf: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with res
3、pect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this series, or that the use of any apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this series may not infringe privately owned rights; or b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages or personal inj
4、uries resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this series, or for violation of any federal, state or municipal regulation with which it may conflict. c. Reference to trade names or specific commercial products, methods, commodities or services in this se
5、ries does not represent or constitute an endorsement, recommendation or favoring by A.G.A. or any other person of the specific commercial product, commodity or service. d. Nothing contained in this series is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sal
6、e, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, nor as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. Copyright 1987 by the American Gas Association, A.G.A. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 8570460 ISBN 087
7、2570037 A.G.A. Catalog Number XY8701 1M09.87-150-75 Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS FIGURES AND TABLES . xvii PREFACE . xxiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . xxv PART 1. LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Scope 3 Cryogenic Considerations . 4 Gas Treatment 5 Liquefaction . 5 Storage
8、. 5 Metal Storage Tanks . 5 Concrete Tanks . 6 Impoundment Zones . 6 Transfer . 6 Vaporization 7 Safety . 7 Ground Spill 7 Water Spill 8 LNG Operations 8 Base-Load Supply . 8 Peak-Shaving Service . 9 CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LNG INDUSTRY . 11 iii iv SUPPLEMENTAL GASES PEAK SHAVING / BASE LOAD C
9、urrent Picture 11 LNG Development in the Utility Industries 12 Peak Shaving . 13 Case Histories 13 Transco . 14 Alagasco 15 San Diego Gas right, by Kajima 114 39. Progress of freezing point for 10 000-m3tank at the Negishi Works . 117 40. Swedish Hagconsult storage concept . 120 41. Detail of Swedis
10、h CryoCavern insulation 121 42. Shop-fabricated horizontal LNG storage tank 123 43. Stationery ambient LNG air vaporizer 124 44. LNG transport trailer connected to portable ambient vaporizer . 124 45. Typical automotive LNG fuel system . 128 46. Artists rendering of LNG-powered hypersonic aircraft 1
11、29 47. Typical shop-fabricated tank sizes and filling systems 130 48. Profiles of typical LNG ships 141 49. Gaz transport membrane system . 143 50. Midsection of spherical independent tank system 144 51. Technigaz membrane system . 144 52. Structure of typical marine unloading arm . 149 53. Loading
12、conditions, typical marine unloading arm . 149 54. Typical unloading arm swivel joint 150 55. Modern large volume LNG tank truck . 154 56. Simplified flow diagram of typical LNG vaporizer system . 159 57. Two-hundred-horsepower (150 kw) vertical pump for LNG cryogenic system . 160 58. Eleven-stage s
13、ubmergible pump (suction pot mounted) . 161 59. Integral-heated, direct-fired vaporizer system, at New Jersey Natural Gas, Farmingdale, NJ 164 60. Submerged combustion-type vaporizer in LNG service . 165 61a. TX submerged combustion technique 166 61b. Sub-X submerged combustion technique . 166 xx SU
14、PPLEMENTAL GASES PEAK SHAVING / BASE LOAD 62. Sub-X multi-burner LNG vaporizer. T-thermal Research Co. design 167 63. Intermediate-fluid LNG vaporizer . 169 64. Typical plate-fin heat exchanger 170 65. Falling-film vaporizers . 172 66. Glycol-water plate-fin intermediate fluid vaporization system .
15、174 67. Open-rack sea water vaporizer at Sumitomo Japan Import Terminal 175 68. Pressure vs. enthalpy plot for methane . 188 69. Pressure. vs. enthalpy plot for ethane . 189 70. Pressure. vs. enthalpy plot for propane . 190 71. Pressure vs. enthalpy plot for nitrogen . 191 LNG TABLES 1. Ships/contai
16、nment sytems used on LNG projects (status as of 1986) . 134 2. LNG containment system characteristics . 140 3. Ships using Gaz transport membrane . 145 4. Ships using Kvaerner-Moss spherical . 146 5. Ships using Technigaz membrane . 147 6. LNG cold utilization systems . 180 7. Physical contents SI U
17、nits . 186 8. Example gas composition at various stages of LNG use and production-Mole% 192 9. Gas law constantsValues of R for various units 194 10. Van der Waals constants 194 11. Beattie-Bridgeman constants . 196 12. Constants for Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation 196 13. Conversion factors from Engli
18、sh to SI (metric) units . 197 14. Metric prefixes 198 15. Example of LNG density calculation . 199 PART 2. SUPPLEMENTAL NATURAL GAS SNG FIGURES 1. Typical CRG hydrogasification process flow . 292 2. Typical CRG reformer temperature profile . 294 3. Typical hydrogasifier temperature profile 296 4. Ty
19、pical methanator temperature profile . 297 FIGURES AND TABLES xxi 5. SNG production using fluidized beds hydrogenation process . 301 6. SNG production using Exxon Flexicoking process 304 7. Typical process flow diagram, Exxon Flexicoking unit . 305 8. SNG production using partial oxidation 310 9. Te
20、xaco synthesis gas generator with direct water quench . 314 10. RMProcess bulk methanation 317 11. Final stage of methanation, RMProcess 317 12. Representation of bituminous coal structure 322 13. Equilibrium composition, at temperature=1 200F (650 C), pressure= 50 ATM . 328 14. Equilibrium composit
21、ion, H/O=2, pressure= 50 ATM . 332 15. Equilibrium composition, H/O=2, temperature=1 200F (650C) . 333 16. Equilibrium composition, temperature=1 800F (980 C), pressure= 50 ATM . 334 17. Thermal gasification to SNG 348 18. Bioconversion to SNG . 351 19. Sample sequence and duration of six identifiab
22、le startup phases . 368 20. Status of SNG startup . 372 SNG TABLES 1. Comparison of gasification processes . 303 2. Flexicoking reactor feed rate and qualities . 307 3. Synthesis gas from various hydrocarbons . 313 4. Typical RMProcess methanation unit feed composition . 316 5. Representative analys
23、is of Illinois #6 bituminous coal . 322 6. Typical atomic ratios . 323 7. Major sources of biomass and solid waste . 344 8. Typical municipal solid waste composition . 345 9. Thermal gasification SNGraw gas composition and yields 347 10. Biological gasification yield parameters 351 11. Typical value
24、s for growth constant and endogenous respiration rate 351 12. Biogasification processes 353 13. Thermal gasification costs and references . 355 14. Refinery gas compositions 356 15. Existing landfill gas recovery systems . 359 16. Approximate landfill cost ranges 363 17. Landfill gas estimated costs
25、 . 364 18. Feedstocks . 391 xxii SUPPLEMENTAL GASES PEAK SHAVING / BASE LOAD 19. Process chemicals 392 20. Water treatment chemicals 395 21. Boiler water chemicals 396 22. Cooling water chemicals . 397 23. Acid gas removal chemicals 398 24. Other chemicals 399 25. Laboratory gases in cylinders 400 P
26、ART 3. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS LP-GAS FIGURES 1. Flow diagram of a typical natural gasoline absorption plant producing LP-gas 452 2. Propane recovery from natural gas by means of absorption and distillation . 453 3. Typical natural gasoline fractionation unit 455 4. U.S. propane supply and use 1981-
27、1985 . 456 5a. Historic U.S. wholesale propane prices vs. crude oil prices 457 5b. Historic U.S. wholesale propane prices vs. wholesale natural gas prices 457 6. Typical mined cavern for LP-gas storage 474 7. Meter and pump system schematic . 475 8a. Modern high pressure propane-air plant . 478 8b.
28、Aerial view of modern high pressure propane-air plant . 480 9. Typical waterbath propane vaporizer 482 10.Inspirator type gas mixing system low pressure . 484 11. LP-air gas plant 485 12. Acceptable propane-air-NG mixtures 491 LP-GAS TABLES 1. Physical and chemical properties of LP-gases 460 2. NGPA
29、 liquefied petroleum gas specifications . 462 3. Thermodynamic properties of saturated propane . 464 4. Thermodynamic properties of saturated butane . 466 PREFACE Arlington, Virginia September 1987 Whatever the comparative economics of its various solutions may be, the problem of satisfying peak dem
30、ands remains. This book, Supplemen-tal Gases Peak Shaving/Base Load addresses the three main sources of gases to supplement the natural gas supply available at any given time in any one locale Liquefied Natural Gas, Supplemental (or Syn-thetic) Natural Gas, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas. The book like
31、wise discusses the three sources in their role in base load supply where no natural gas pipeline is present. Contributing authors are veteran practitioners in the gas industry selected for their subject knowledge from 22 A.G.A. Operating Section committees, including, in addition to pipeline and uti
32、lity engineers, in-dustry consultants, suppliers, and other specialists. Authors came originally from the Liquefied Natural Gas and Supplemental Natural Gas Committees of the Operating Section, since consolidated into one Supplemental Gas and Analytical Services Committee. Supplemental Gases Peak Sh
33、aving/Base Load is one of two books that will constitute the Supply Volume of the GEOP series, the other to be Exploration and Production/Underground Storage. While the books in the GEOP Series were designed to offer broad, general treatment of their subjects, their Lists of Codes and Standards and
34、References conveniently cite related supplementary industry litera-ture, in the process greatly expanding the usefulness of the GEOP books. Further enhancing the value of this book is the Index, compiled by Anne C. Roess, librarian at Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company of Chicago. In this thoroughly
35、 comprehensive Index, key terms are identi-fied with the pages of the book on which they are used. We trust that you will find this and other books in the GEOP series to be a valuable addition to your technical library. Robert H. Holder Robert L. Parker Chairman, GEOP Task Group Editor xxiii GEOP TA
36、SK GROUP The following Operating Section members have served on the Gas Engineer-ing and Operating Practices Task Group of the Section Managing Committee through the development of the GEOP Series. Robert H. Holder, Chairman (1985 present), Vice President and Chief Engineer, Wisconsin Gas Company An
37、thony A. Bobelis, Chairman (1982 1985), Principal Engineer, Engineering Department, The Brooklyn Union Gas Company Ty S. Miller, Chairman (1979 1982), Manager, Distribution (Deceased), Southern California Gas Company C. William Ade (1980 1983), Vice President, Gas Transmission and Planning, Mississi
38、ppi River Transmission Company Anthony A. Bobelis (1979 present), Principal Engineer, Engineering Depart-ment, the Brooklyn Union Gas Company Alton T. Davis (1979 1980), Vice President, Gas Division, San Diego Gas and Electric Company James W. Garrett (1986 present), Vice President, Operations, Okla
39、homa Natural Gas Company Robert H. Holder (1982 present), Vice President and Chief Engineer, Wiscon-sin Gas Company George M. Hugh (1979 1 983), Senior Vice President, Engineering and Opera-tions, TransCanada PipeLines Ltd. Vernon E. Percell (1983 present), Senior Vice President, Gas Operations, KPL
40、 Gas Service Marvin D. Ringler (1979 1981), Engineer, Gas Supply Planning, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. O.L. Slaughter (1983 1985), Senior Vice President, Gas Company of New Mexico Robert D. Stegner (1983 present), Senior Vice President, Operations and Engineering, and Chief Operati
41、ng Officer, Indiana Gas Company Andrew Tarapchack (1979 1984), Vice President, Distribution, Washington (D.C.) Gas Light Company Milton M. Walther (1979 1983), General Manager, Gas Department, New Orleans Public Service, Inc. Robert L. Parker (1980 present), Manager, Engineering Series Publications,
42、 American Gas Association xxiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks are due to the LNG and SNG task group leaders for this book, Roy F. Williams and Wendell L. Thaler, respectively. Also to LNG co-leader Richard A. Hoffmann and SNG and LP-Gas co-leaders Raymond F. Hippeli and George W. Stubblebine. The f
43、ollowing addi-tional members of the Supplemental Gas and Analytical Services Com-mittee (and its predecessor LNG and SNG Committees) and other experts in supplemental gases wrote or revised portions of the book: Contributing Authors, Liquefied Natural Gas: Phillip J. Anderson*, Associate Director, I
44、nst. of Gas Technology. George Auchy*, Terminal Manager, Distrigas of Massachusetts Corp. D. Mark Bailey*, Supervisor, Gas Processing, Phillips Petroleum Co. Thomas B. Barnes*, Manager, Gas Production, Philadelphia Electric Co. Don H. Coers*, Manager of System Design, CBI Industries, Inc. Per E. Duu
45、s* Design Manager, Low Temperature and Cryogenics, CBI. Ronald W. Gullberg*, LNG Plant Manager, Northwest Natural Gas Co. Eugene F. Hasenberg*, General Superintendent, Special Projects, Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America. Takeki Hirooka, Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd. Richard A. Hoffmann*, President, Hoffmann
46、& Feige, Inc. Stanley T Kastanas*, Manager of Engineer-ing, Colonial Gas Co. Taavi Kaups, Chief Structural Engineer, CBI. Nicholas A. Legatos*, Vice President, Preload Technology, Inc. Dannie C. Loyd, Information Support Specialist, Alabama Gas Co David S. McCaffrey, Jr.*, Senior Advisor, Gas Depart
47、ment, Exxon Corp. William Mergner*, Assistant Chief Mechanical Engineer, Public Service Elec-tric and Gas Co. John C. Murphy, Vice President, Engineering, Pitt- Des Moines, Inc. Robert G. Norton*, Vice President, Engineering, Distrigas of Massachusetts Corp. Michael R. Olson*, Plant Design Super- xx
48、v xxvi SUPPLEMENTAL GASES PEAK SHAVING / BASE LOAD visor, San Diego Gas & Electric Co. Russell L. Pargett*, Project Manager, Northern Natural Gas Co. Kenneth L. Paul*, Executive Vice President, Process Engineering, Inc. Michael Platzke*, Staff Engineer, Michigan Wisconsin Pipe Line Co. Jerry W Richa
49、rdson, Vice President, Engineering, Public Service Co. of North Carolina. Tom Raines*, General Manager, LNG Operations, Alabama Gas Corp. Theodore E. Ross*, Research Engineer, Consolidate Natural Gas Co. Joseph A. Santoleri*, Principal, Four Nine, Inc. (formerly Vice President and General Manager, Trane Thermal Co.) Klaus Schmid, Project Manager, Lot
