1、 ODORIZATION MANUAL Prepared by Odorization Manual Revision Group (OMRG) Operations Section Revised April 2017 i Odorization Manual Revised April 2017 Copyright 2017 American Gas Association All Rights Reserved Prepared by ODORIZATION MANUAL REVISION GROUP (OMRG) Operations Section American Gas Asso
2、ciation 400 North Capitol Street, N.W., 4th Floor Washington, DC 20001 U.S.A. Catalog No. XQ1702 ii iii DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHTS The American Gas Associations (AGA) Operations and Engineering Section provides a forum for industry experts to bring their collective knowledge together to improve the s
3、tate of the art in the areas of operating, engineering and technological aspects of producing, gathering, transporting, storing, distributing, measuring and utilizing natural gas. Through its publications, of which this is one, AGA provides for the exchange of information within the natural gas indu
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9、sonable care in any given circumstances. AGA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does AGA list, certify, test or inspect products, designs or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or other statement
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13、oper installation or use, performance or fitness or suitability for any purpose with respect to particular products or materials should be obtained from the Users employer, the manufacturer or supplier of the raw material used. iv Changes to this document may become necessary from time to time. If c
14、hanges are believed appropriate by any person or entity, such suggested changes should be communicated to AGA in writing and sent to: Operations full name of the document; suggested revisions to the text of the document; the rationale for the suggested revisions; and permission to use the suggested
15、revisions in an amended publication of the document. Copyright 2017, American Gas Association, All Rights Reserved. v FOREWORD The use of odorant as the primary method of warning of gas leaks has been highly successful and has contributed significantly to making natural gas a safe fuel for the publi
16、c to use. The issues addressed here are intended to help individual operators to potentially improve an already valuable and reliable method of ensuring safety. This document is intended for consideration by operators and should be read in the context of all of the statutes, rules, regulations and t
17、ariffs that pertain to the highly regulated natural gas industry. Under no circumstances should this document be interpreted to be the standard of care to be followed by operators. In some instances, particularly concerning gathering, processing operations and farm tap systems, other rules, tariffs
18、and regulations apply. Many gas transmission and distribution companies have tariffs that are approved by state and federal regulatory authorities and that may vary their duties and responsibilities. Nothing in this document should be considered to vary or alter those tariff provisions. Please note
19、that each operator serves a unique and defined geographic area. System infrastructures vary based on many factors, such as pipeline materials and condition and operating practices. Each operator will need to evaluate the profiled practices in light of system variables. Not all practices in this docu
20、ment will be applicable to all operators due to the unique sets of characteristics of their specific systems. Each operator needs to evaluate actions in light of system variables. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a c
21、ompetent professional to determine the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstance. vi vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Odorization Manual was revised by a Task Group of the American Gas Association with members from gas distribution companies, research organizations and consulting firms. AGA great
22、ly appreciates the dedication to safety and generous knowledge sharing of the diverse aspects of gas odorization demonstrated by each of the contributors named below: Rosemarie Halchuk with Xcel Energy served as the chair of the Task Group, which was organized into teams by chapter. Chapter Team lea
23、ds coordinated the revision of chapters from the second edition and the development of new chapters for this revision, and AGA recognizes them below: Chapter 1 Winston Meyer CenterPoint Energy Chapter 2 Olivier Griperay Arkema, Inc. Chapter 3 Chester Wentz UGI Utilities, Inc. Chapter 3 and (2) Condu
24、cting periodic “sniff” tests at the extremities of the system to confirm that the gas contains odorant. 7 1.3.5 Transmission System Exemptions Combustible gas transmission systems in a Class 3 or Class 4 location must be odorized and must meet the detection requirements in 1.3.1 above unless exempti
25、ons exist. Exemptions are determined by the Class location of the pipeline with respect to several criteria or end use (see Section 1.4 below). If a pipeline fails to qualify for exemption under 49 CFR 192.625, the combustible gas must be odorized and the odorant must meet all of the same requiremen
26、ts as specified for distribution systems. The following transmission odorization exemptions are extracted from the federal code (192.625 (b): (1) At least 50 percent of the length of the line downstream from that location is in a Class 1 or Class 2 location; (2) The line transports gas to any of the
27、 following facilities which received gas without an odorant from that line before May 5, 1975; (i) An underground storage field; (ii) A gas processing plant; (iii) A gas dehydration plant; or (iv) An industrial plant using gas in a process where the presence of an odorant: (A) Makes the end product
28、unfit for the purpose for which it is intended; (B) Reduces the activity of a catalyst; or (C) Reduces the percentage completion of a chemical reaction; (3) In the case of a lateral line which transports gas to a distribution center, at least 50 percent of the length of that line is in a Class 1 or
29、Class 2 location; or (4) The combustible gas is hydrogen intended for use as a feedstock in a manufacturing process. 1.4 CLASS LOCATION 49 CFR 192.5 Class locations referenced in the transmission line odorization regulations are defined in 49 CFR 192.5 for the U.S. and in CSA Z662 for Canada. The di
30、agrams below are for illustrative purposes only for basic explanation of US regulations. Each operator must refer to the code for determination of class location. The class location onshore is determined by applying the criteria set forth in 192.5. The “class location unit” is an onshore area that e
31、xtends 220 yards (200 meters) on either side of the centerline of any continuous 1-mile length (1.6 kilometers) length of pipeline. For the purposes of determining class location, 192.5(a)(2) specifies that each separate dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling building is counted as a separate building
32、 intended for human occupancy. 8 Four classes are defined in 192.5(b) as follows: Class 1. An offshore area; or any class location unit that has 10 or fewer buildings intended for human occupancy. (See Figure 1.1 below) Figure 1.1. Class 1 Location Class 2. Class location unit that has more than 10
33、but fewer than 46 buildings intended for human occupancy. (See Figure 1.2) Figure 1.2. Class 2 Location 9 Class 3. A Class 3 location is (See Figure 1.3): (i) Any class location unit that has 46 or more buildings intended for human occupancy; or (ii) An area where the pipeline lies within 100 yards
34、of either a building or a small, well-defined outside area (such as a playground, recreation area, outdoor theater or other place of public assembly) that is occupied by 20 or more people on at least five days a week for 10 weeks in any 12-month period. (The days and weeks need not be consecutive.)
35、Figure 1.3. Class 3 Location 10 Class 4. Any class location unit where buildings with four or more stories above ground are prevalent. (See Figure 1.4.) Figure 1.4. Class 4 Location Acceptable Adjustments: The length of class locations 2, 3 and 4 may be adjusted as follows: (1) A Class 4 location en
36、ds 220 yards (200 meters) from the nearest building with four or more stories above ground (Figure 1.5). (2) When a cluster of buildings intended for human occupancy requires a Class 2 or 3 location, the class location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from the nearest building in the cluster (Figures 1.6
37、 and 1.7). P i p e l i n eC l a s s 4 L o c a t i o n e n d s o u t s i d e o f t h e 2 2 0 Y a r d R a d i u sA n y l o c a t i o n w h e r e b u i l d i n g s w i t h f o u r o r m o r e s t o r i e s a b o v e g r o u n d a r e p r e v a l e n t2 2 0 Y a r d s B u f f e r2 2 0 Y a r d s B u f f e
38、 r220Yards220YardsFigure 1.5. Adjustments to Class 4 Location 11 P i p e l i n eC l a s s 2 L o c a t i o n e n d s o u t s i d e o f t h e 2 2 0 y a r d r a d i u s f r o m t h e n e a r e s t b u i l d i n g1 M i l eM o r e t h a n 1 0 a n d l e s s t h a n 4 6 b u i l d i n g s p e r m i l e f o
39、r h u m a n o c c u p a n c y102 2 0 Y a r d s B u f f e r2 2 0 Y a r d s B u f f e r220Yards220YardsFigure 1.6. Adjustments to Class 2 Location P i p e l i n e1 M i l e4 6 o r m o r e b u i l d i n g s p e r m i l e f o r h u m a n o c c u p a n c y10C l a s s 3 L o c a t i o n e n d s o u t s i d
40、e o f t h e 2 2 0 y a r d s r a d i u s f r o m n e a r e s t b u i l d i n g2 2 0 Y a r d s B u f f e r2 2 0 Y a r d s B u f f e r220Yards220YardsFigure 1.7. Adjustments to Class 3 Location 1.5 PUBLIC AWARENESS 49 CFR 192.616 The Federal Code includes a requirement to educate the public, appropriat
41、e government organizations, persons engaged in excavation activities and other stakeholders on the possible hazards associated with unintended releases from a gas pipeline facility. Safety programs shall include education on odorization as one of the avenues for the detection and recognition of the
42、presence of a combustible gas. Operators are required to develop and implement written continuing public education programs that follow the guidance of the American Petroleum Institutes (API) Recommended Practice (RP) 1162, Public Awareness Programs for Pipeline Operators. API RP 1162 is incorporate
43、d by reference into the Code of Federal regulations in 49 CFR 192.7 and is the industry reference for compliance. The publication covers a wide range of facilities and operational knowledge transfer. For odorization, the focus is to provide safety messaging and to educate stakeholders 12 with emphas
44、is on recognition and response to a pipeline emergency as well as on protective actions in the unlikely event of a pipeline gas release. API RP 1162 provides guidelines to the operator and suggests the use of generic materials developed by trade organizations. Section 4.3 and Appendix C.3 of the RP
45、are the key sections for odorization. Information on Leak Recognition and Response should include: Specific information about releases and potential hazards related to the combustible gas in the pipeline Recognition of a pipeline leak through use of sight, unusual sound, and smell; o By Sight What t
46、o Look for o By Sound What to Listen for o By Smell What to Smell for Operators should include an outline of the appropriate actions to take if a release is suspected. Both what to do and what not to do instructions should be part of the messaging and communications provided. Numerous examples of Sa
47、fety Awareness messaging by operators are readily available via printed and website information. Appendix 1A-1 provides a general example of a safety message related to recognition of and response to a suspected gas release; each operators safety message should be tailored to its specific circumstan
48、ces. Several companies also utilize scented cards with encapsulated odorant. These cards, commonly referred to as scratch-and-sniff, provide a means for the public and company employees to recognize the smell of odorized gas, and this recognition fosters the warning response to the typical “gassy” o
49、dor. Sometimes under certain circumstances, a persons sense of smell may not be adequate for detection of the presence of gas. The gas odor may be temporarily “masked” (diminished or changed in intensity or quality) by other odors that are present in air with the gas. Some persons may not be able to detect the odor because of anosmia (partial or complete loss of smell, either temporary or permanent) or olfactory fatigue (normal, temporary inability to distinguish an odor after prolonged exposure). Persons with known diminished sense of smell should take
