1、 AGA Report No. 3 ORIFICE METERING OF NATURAL GAS AND OTHER RELATED HYDROCARBON FLUIDS PART 4 Background, Development, Implementation Procedure, and Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge Coefficient Equation Copyright American Gas Association and American Petroleum Institute
2、 1992, 1995, 2003 All Rights Reserved American Gas Association 400 North Capitol Street, N.W., 4thFloor Washington, DC 20001 U.S.A. Third Edition, October 1992 2nd Printing, August 1995 3rd Printing, June 2003 Catalog No. XQ9211 iDISCLAIMERS AND COPYRIGHT Nothing contained in this publication is to
3、be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, or as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. This publication was developed as a service t
4、o the natural gas industry and to the public. Use of this publication is voluntary and should be taken after an independent review of the applicable facts and circumstances. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in this publication; however, the American
5、 Gas Association (AGA) makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or from the use of any product or methodology described herein; for any violation of any
6、 federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict; or for the infringement of any patent from the use of this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be viewed as an endorsement by AGA of any particular manufacturers products. Permission is granted t
7、o republish material herein in laws or ordinances, and in regulations, administrative orders, or similar documents issued by public authorities. Those desiring permission for other publications should consult the Operations and Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street,
8、 NW, 4thFloor, Washington, DC 20001, USA. Copyright 1992, 1995, 2003 American Gas Association and American Petroleum Institute, All Rights Reserved. ii FOREWORD AGA Report No. 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids, consists of four parts. This one is Part 4 Backgrou
9、nd, Development, Implementation Procedure, and Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge Coefficient Equation. Other parts are: Part 1 General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines Part 2 Specification and Installation Requirements Part 3 Natural Gas Applications Each of the four
10、 parts is published separately to facilitate future changes, allow immediate use, and reduce the size of the applicable part needed by most users. Although for many applications each part can be used independently, users with natural gas applications are advised to obtain Parts 1, 2 and 3. This repo
11、rt applies to fluids that, for all practical purposes, are considered to be clean, single phase, homogeneous, and Newtonian, and the Part 4 of the report describes the background and development of the equation for the coefficient of discharge of flange-tapped square-edged concentric orifice meters,
12、 and recommends a flow rate calculation procedure. The recommended procedures provide consistent computational results for the quantification of fluid flow under defined conditions, regardless of the point of origin or destination, or the units of measure required by governmental customs or statute.
13、 The procedures allow different users with different computer languages on different computing hardware to arrive at almost identical results using the same standardized input data. This report has been developed through the cooperative efforts of many individuals from industry under the sponsorship
14、 of the American Gas Association, the American Petroleum Institute, and the Gas Processors Association, with contributions from the Chemical Manufacturers Association, the Canadian Gas Association, the European Community, Norway, Japan and others. It may become necessary to make revisions to this do
15、cument in the future. Whenever any revisions are advisable, recommendations should be forwarded to the Operations and Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol Street, NW, 4thFloor, Washington, DC 20001, U.S.A. A form has been included at the end of this report for that purpose.
16、iii API MPMS*L4-3.4 92 0732290 050b285 613 J. Bosio, Statoil J. Brennan, National Institute of Standards and Technology E. Buxton S. Caidweli R. Chittum, American Petroleum Institute T. Coker, Phillips Petroleum Company H. Colvard, Exxon Company, U.S.A. L. Datta-Bania, United Gas Pipeline Company D.
17、 Embry, Phillips Petroleum Company W. Fling J. Gallagher, Shell Pipe Line Corporation V. Gebben, Kerr-McGee Corporation B. George, Amoco Production Company G. Givens, CNG Transmission Corporation T. Glazebrook, Tenneco Gas Transportation Company D. Goedde, Texas Gas Transmission Corporation D. Gould
18、, Commission of the European Communities K. Gray, Phillips Petroleum Company R. Hankinson, Phillips 66 Natural Gas Company R. Haworth E. Hickl, Union Carbide Corporation L. Hillburn P. Hoglund, Washington Natural Gas Company J. Hord, National Institute of Standards and Technology E. Jones, Jr., Chev
19、ron Oil Field Research Company M. Keady K. Kothari, Gas Research Institute P. LaNasa G. Less G. Lynn, Oklahoma Natural Gas Company R. Maddox G. Mattingly, National Institute of Standards and Technugy E, McConaghy, NOVA Corporation C. Mentz L. Norris, Exxon Production Research Company K. Olson, Chemi
20、cal Manufacturers Association A. Raether, Gas Company of New Mexico E. Raper, OXY USA, Inc. W. Ryan, El Paso Natural Gas Company R. Segers J. Sheffield S. Stark, Williams Natural Gas Company K. Starling J. Stolz J. Stuart, Pacific Gas and Electric Company W. Studzinski, NOVA/Husky Research Company M
21、. Sutton, Gas Processors Association R. Teyssandier, Texaco Inc. V. Ting, Chevron Oil Field Research Company L. Traweek, American Gas Association E Van Orsdol, Chevron U.S.A. Inc. N. Watanabe, National Research Laboratory of Metrology, Japan E. VPP V - _-_ API flPflS*l14.3.4 72 H 0732290 0506286 55T
22、 K. West, Mobil Research and Development Corporation P. Wilcox, Total of France J. Williams, Oryx Energy Company M. Williams, Amoco Production Company E. Woomer, United Gas Pipeline Company C. Worrell, OXY USA, Inc. CONTENTS CHAPTER 14-NATW GAS FLUIDS MEASUREMENT SECTION 3.CONCENTRIC. SQUARE-EDGED O
23、RIFICE METERS 4.1 Introduction and Nomenclature 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Nomenclature . 4.2.1 Background . 4.2.2 Historical Data Base . 4.2.3 Recent Data Collection Efforts 4.2.4 Basis for Equation 4.2 History and Development 4.2.5 Reader-Harris/Gallagher Equation . 4.3.1 Introduction . 4.3.2 Soluti
24、on for Mass or Volume Flow Rafe 4.3.3 Special Procedures and Example Calculations for Natural Gas 4.3.4 Example Calculations . 4.3 Implementation Procedures Applications . APPENDIX 4-A-DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW EQUATION SOLUTION ALGOEUTHM . APPENDIX 4-B-RECOMMENDED ROUNDING PROCEDURES APPENDIX 4-C-ROUND R
25、OBIN TESTING . Figures 4-1-Flange Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus 4-2-Flange Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus 4-3-Flange Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Reynolds Number Ranges 4-4-Corner Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Nominal Beta Ratio 4-5-Cor
26、ner Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Reynolds Number Ranges 4-6-0-D/2 (Radius) Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Nominal Beta Ratios . 4-7-0-0/2 (Radius) Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Reynolds Number Ranges . 4-8Ccatter Diagram Based on Buckingham Equation .
27、4-9Ccatter Diagram Based on Reader-HarridGallagher Equation 4-A-1-Number of Iterations Required to Solve for Orifice Plate Coefficient of Discharge-Direct Substitution Method . 4-A-2-Number of Iterations Required to Solve for Orifice Plate Nominal Beta Ratio Nominal Pipe Diameter Coefficient of Disc
28、harge-Newton-Raphson Method . Tables 4- 1-Regression Database Point Distribution for flange Taps . 4-2-Regression Database Point Distribution for Corner Taps . 4-3-Regression Database Point Distribution for D-D/2 (Radius) Taps . Page 1 1 3 5 6 10 13 20 20 31 48 63 71 75 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 68
29、 70 9 10 11 vii ._-. . .- . _ API MPMS*L4.3-4 72 0732270 O506288 322 4-4-Typical Values of Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion 4.5-Units. Conversion Constants. and Universal Constants . Tables (continued) 4-, Upstream tap correction factor. X Reduced reciprocal Reynolds number (4,000/ReD). X, V
30、alue of X where change in orifice plate coefficient of discharge correlation occurs. Y Expansion factor. Yp Expansion factor pressure constant. Zb Compressibility (base conditions). 2, Compressibility at flowing conditions (9, Tf. Air compressibility at air measurement conditions. ZnlgOs Gas compres
31、sibility at gas measurement conditions. Z“leir 4.2 History and Development 4.2.1 BACKGROUND In May 1924, the Board of Directors of the Natural Gas Association (this later became the Natural Gas Department of the American Gas Association) directed its Main Technical and Research Committee to establis
32、h a new subcommittee to be known as the Gas Meas- urement Committee. The duties of this new committee were outlined by the directors as: Determine the correct methods of installing orifice meters for measuring natural gas. Determine the necessary corrective factors and operative requirements in the
33、use of orifice meters, using natural gas in all experimental work. Secure the cooperation and assistance of the National Bureau of Standards2 and the United States Bureau of Mines3, and secure, if possible, the assignment of members of their staffs to the Gas Measurement Committee to assist in this
34、work. The Gas Measurement Committee held ifs first meefing in November 1924 and discussed various features of the work assigned to it. Beginning in the summer of 1925, and extending over a period of six years, this committee conducted several research projects on orifice meters. The Gas Measurement
35、Committee published a preliminary report in 1927, which was revised in 1929, and Report No. 1 was issued in 1930. In the introduction to Report No. 1, the following statement was made: This is not a final report, but it is made with the understanding that the committee will con- tinue its analytical
36、 studies of the data already developed, The committee also fully expects that it will be necessary for it to conduct further work of its own. This will make necessary one or more supplemental reports, in which the data will be summarized and the mathemat- ical principles announced, which are thebasi
37、s for the present report, and such modifications and extensions will be made as additional data and further study may require.“ rn September 193 1, this committee joined with the Special Research Committee of Fluid Meters of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers4 in the formation of a Joint C
38、om- mittee on Orifice Meters so that future publications on orifice meters by these two parent committees might be in harmony. This joint committee found that a few additional research projects on orifice meters, especially for the determination of the absolute values of orifice coefficients, were n
39、eeded. Thereafter, the committee formally requested representatives of the National Bureau of Standards to review the data obtained in these later research projects and report their findings to the committee. Gas Measurement Committee Report No. 2 was published on May 6, 1935 and was intended to sup
40、plement Report No. 1. Within certain limits explained in that report, any orifice meter installed in accordance with the recommendations in Report No. 1 would American Gas Association, 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22209. National Bureau of Standards (is now the National institute of St
41、andards and Technology). NiST publications are available from the US. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 3United States Bureau of Mines. Bureau of Mines publications are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 4American Society of Mechanical Engin
42、eers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017. 4 CHAPTER 14-NATURAL GAS FLUIDS MEASUREMENT fulfill all the requirements stated in Report No. 2. The use of factors given in Report No. 2 made possible the use of orifice meters over a much wider range of conditions than had been possible before.
43、 The material in Report No. 2 was based on a special engineering report made by the Joint American Gas AssociatiodAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers Committee on Orifice Coefficients to the Gas Measurement Committee in October 1934 and was present- ed to and accepted by the Main Technical and
44、Research Committee in January 1935. The analysis of the data presented in the report of that joint committee was made by Dr. Edgar Buckingham and Mr. Howard S. Bean of the National Bureau of Standards and checked by Professor Samuel R. Beitler for the committee. The report of the joint committee in
45、its original form passed through the editorial committee of the bureau and was approved for publication by the director of the bureau. Since publication of Report No. 2, new types of equipment have been made available for use in the construction of orifice meter stations, Further, the need developed
46、 for larger meter tube diameters and heavier wall pipe to measure the larger volumes of gas at higher meter- ing pressures. It was recognized by the industry that Report No. 2 should be brought up to date. Thus, early in 1953, the PAR Plans Pipeline Research Committee appointed the Supervising Commi
47、ttee for PAR Project NX-7, for the purpose of developing Gas Meas- urement Committee Report No. 3. To maintain cooperation between the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Gas Association in the development of publi- cations on orifice meters, the members of the supervising comm
48、ittee had dual membership on the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Research Committee on Fluid Meters, Subcommittee No. 15, as well as the NX-7 Committee. Report No. 3 supplemented Report No. 2. Generally, all of the data in this report were the same as included in Report No. 2, except that i
49、t was expanded to cover a wider range of conditions. In many instances, slight changes were made and statements added to clarify some of the conditions brought about from practical application of Reports No. 1 and 2. In Report No. 3, a pressure base of 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute was adopted to replace the former pressure base of 14.4 pounds per square inch absolute. The results are consistent with those obtained from Report No. 2. Since the publication of Report No. 3 in 1955, there have been refinements and new developments in the measurement of natural gas.
