1、 AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for storage on one compute
2、r for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print ma
3、y only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. GuideAIAA G-140-2015 Terrestrial Environment Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle DevelopmentAIAA G-140-2015 ii AIAA G-140-2015 Guide Terrestrial Environment Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Developme
4、nt Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved February 2015 Abstract This document is based on the NASA Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development and provides guidelines regarding current natural terrestrial environm
5、ent criteria to be used for the design and development of aerospace vehicles traversing the terrestrial atmosphere. It provides, in one single reference, a comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art of these natural terrestrial environment inputs. This document reflects on aerospace vehicle d
6、evelopment experiences and consolidates guidelines for natural terrestrial environments that have been utilized in a large number of space vehicle developments. AIAA G-140-2015 iii Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2
7、015 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-62410-302-5 AIAA
8、 G-140-2015 iv Contents Foreword v Trademarks . vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Tailoring . 1 3 Applicable Documents . 1 3.1 General 1 3.2 Reference Documents . 1 4 Vocabulary . 2 4.1 Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms . 2 4.2 Terms and Definitions 2 5 Introductory Discussion 2 5.1 Table of Contents for AIAA Guide (Ta
9、ken only from NASA TM Section 1)*. 2 5.2 Introduction 3 5.3 Title and Discussion . 3 5.3.1 General 3 5.3.2 Engineering Importance . 4 5.3.3 Terrestrial Environment Issues 6 5.3.4 Vehicle and Terrestrial Environment Areas of Concern . 8 5.3.5 Environmental Test Procedures . 9 5.3.6 Some Lessons Learn
10、ed . 10 5.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Annex A NASA /TM-2008-215633: “Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development, 2008 Revision“ Sectional Introductions and Tables of Contents 14 A.1 Introduction 14 A.2 NASA TM Table of Contents for Section 1 . 14 A.3
11、NASA TM Sections 216 Introductions With Their Tables of Contents . 14 Annex B Errata . 38 Figures Figure 1 NASAs proposed launch vehicle: Space Launch System (SLS) . 4 Figure 2 Natural terrestrial environment definition and analysis for aerospace vehicle engineering application . 6 Tables Table 1 Ke
12、y terrestrial environment parameters needed versus engineering systems (X) and mission phase (P). 9 AIAA G-140-2015 v Foreword The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Natural Environment Branch and its predecessor organizations have been responsible for each update of the NASA Terrestrial Environment
13、(Climatic) Criteria Guidelines document, and subsequently hereafter be referred to as NASDA “TM“ in text of this AIAA Guide. This NASA TM and its predecessors goes back more than 50 years to the early 1960s and has been updated many times since then. The last update was in December 2008 (NASA/TM-200
14、8-215633) and replaces all previous editions of the document, with the latest state-of-the-art atmospheric type criteria being presented. It is not just a compilation of atmospheric or weather climatology but rather a statistically developed set of atmospheric criteria guidelines generated especiall
15、y for use in the design and development of launch and space vehicles. There are other documents containing only weather or climate related values, but not specifically developed for a given launch vehicle with its particular set of requirements. There is one annex to this AIAA Guide document. Due to
16、 the great length of the parent NASA TM document, only the first Section of the NASA TM is presented here, along with a complete listing of the entire NASA TM table of contents as Annex A. The full contents of the entire AIAA Guide comprising the NASA TMs 16 Sections are available at http:/arc.aiaa.
17、org/userimages/ContentEditor/1405349521582/NASA%20Technical%20Report.pdf (NASA-TM-2008-215633). At the time of approval, the members of the AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environment Committee on Standards Terrestrial Working Group who prepared this document were: Dale Johnson, Chair NASA Retired Sam Ad
18、hikari Sysoft Corporation Michael Bodeau Northrup Grumman Franz-Josef Kahlen University of Cape Town (South Africa) Jerry K. Owens NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Martin Ross The Aerospace Corporation William W. Vaughan University of Alabama in Huntsville The above consensus body approved this doc
19、ument in July 2014. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (VP-Standards Laura McGill, Chairperson) accepted the document for publication in February 2015. The AIAA Standards Procedures dictates that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engag
20、ed in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or be guided by standards reports. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the committees on standards will not consider patents th
21、at may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents or copyright or both. AIAA G-140-2015 vi Trademarks No commercial products that require trademark designation are mentioned in this docume
22、nt. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. Product names may be listed in the various NASA TM Sections. AIAA G-140-2015 1 1 Scope This AIAA Guide
23、 provides guidelines regarding the current natural terrestrial environment criteria for use in the design and development of aerospace vehicles traversing the terrestrial atmosphere (090 km altitude). This Guide specifies and provides, in one single reference, a comprehensive description of the stat
24、e of the art of these natural terrestrial environment inputs. The contents to be used are based on aerospace vehicle development experiences and consolidated guidelines for natural terrestrial environments that have been utilized in a large number of space vehicle developments. Aerospace vehicle des
25、ign criteria guidelines are provided for the following environmental phenomena: winds; atmospheric models and thermodynamic properties; thermal radiation; U.S. and world surface extremes; humidity; precipitation, fog, and icing; cloud phenomena and cloud cover models; atmospheric electricity; atmosp
26、heric constituents; aerospace vehicle exhaust and toxic chemical release; tornadoes and hurricanes; geologic hazards; and sea state. Sections 15 and 16 of this AIAA Guide based on the referenced NASA TM include information on mission analysis, prelaunch monitoring, flight evaluation, physical consta
27、nts, and metric/English unit conversion factors. 2 Tailoring When viewed from the perspective of a specific vehicle program or project context, the information in this AIAA Guide may be tailored to match the actual requirements of the particular program or project with respect to expected operationa
28、l launch site(s) for the vehicle. Tailoring of requirements shall be undertaken in consultation with the procuring authority where applicable. This Guide may be cited in contract, program, and other documents as an applicable reference document. Mandatory requirements are indicated by the word shall
29、. Tailoring of this standard for application to a specific program or project shall be approved by the technical authority for that program/project. NOTE Tailoring is a process by which individual requirements or specifications, standards, and related documents are evaluated and made applicable to a
30、 specific program or project by selection and, in some exceptional cases, modification and addition of requirements in the standards. 3 Reference Documents The following documents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Guide. For dated references, subs
31、equent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this Guide are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents listed in Section 3.2. For undated references, the latest ed
32、ition of the normative document referred to applies. 3.1 General The documents listed in this section contain provisions that constitute requirements of this Guide as cited in the appendices. The latest issuances of cited documents shall be used unless otherwise approved by the assigned Technical Au
33、thority. 3.2 Applicable Documents The following documents are applicable to NASA TM Section 1 only. Each of the other sections has its own set of references. NASA/TM-2008-215633; Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development, 2008 Revision (Section 1
34、). AIAA G-140-2015 2 Blair, J.C.; Ryan, R.S.; Schutzenhofer, L.A.; and Humphries, W.R.: “Launch Vehicle Design Process: Characterization, Technical Integration and Lessons Learned,” NASA/TP2001210992, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, AL, May 2001. Johnson, D.L.; and Anderson, B.J.: “The Role of th
35、e Natural Environment in Launch Vehicle Development,” Chapter 7, Space Launch and Transportation Systems: Design and Operations, Vol. 1, 2005, unpublished. Johnson, D.L.; Hill, C.K.; Vaughan, W.W.; Brown, S.C.; and Batts, G.W.: “Natural Environment Requirements Definition and Significance for Aerosp
36、ace Plane Development,” AIAA Paper No. 935074, AIAA/DGLR Fifth International Aerospace Planes and Hypersonic Technologies Conference, November 30December 3, 1993, Munich, Germany, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA. Pearson, S.D.; Vaughan, W.W.; Batts, G.W.; and Jasper, G
37、.L.: “Importance of the Natural Terrestrial Environment With Regard to Advanced Launch Vehicle Design and Development,” NASA TM 108511, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, AL, June 1996. Ryan, R.; Blair, J.; Townsend, J.; and Verderaime, V.: “Working on the Boundaries: Philosophies and Practices of t
38、he Design Process,” NASA TP-3642, Marshall Space Flight Center, AL, July 1996. Vaughan, W.W.; and Brown, S.C.: “Natural Environment Considerations for Space Shuttle System Development Support,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 355360, 1985. Vaughan, W.W.; Johnson, D.L.; Pearson
39、, S.D.; and Batts G.W.: “The Role of Aerospace Meteorology in the Design, Development and Operation of New Advance Launch Vehicles,” Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, February 1997. NOTE Further applicable
40、 documents are given at the end of each Section of the NASA TM, which is available at http:/arc.aiaa.org/userimages/ContentEditor/1405349521582/NASA%20Technical%20Report.pdf (NASA-TM-2008-215633). 4 Vocabulary 4.1 Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms The complete listing of Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms
41、are given in each section of the NASA TM. 4.2 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the definitions of terms are given in each section of the NASA TM. 5 Introductory Discussion 5.1 Table of Contents for AIAA Guide (Taken from NASA TM Section 1) SECTION 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.2 Intr
42、oduction 3 5.3 Title and Discussion . 3 5.3.1 General 3 5.3.2 Engineering Importance . 4 5.3.3 Terrestrial Environment Issues 6 5.3.4 Vehicle and Terrestrial Environment Areas of Concern . 8 AIAA G-140-2015 3 5.3.5 Environmental Test Procedures . 9 5.3.6 Some Lessons Learned . 10 5.4 Concluding Rema
43、rks 13 NOTE For contents of other sections for this AIAA Guide, consult Annex A. 5.2 Introduction The entire NASA TM 2008-215673 Section 1, which presents an introduction and discussion of the overall application of the terrestrial environment parameters with respect to launch and space vehicle desi
44、gn engineering analyses, is provided in Section 5.3.1 of this AIAA Guide. In addition, lessons learned from selected and learned applications between the two disciplines are presented. 5.3 Title and Discussion INTRODUCTION to “TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT (CLIMATIC) CRITERIA GUIDELINES FOR USE IN AEROSPA
45、CE VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT” 5.3.1 General Atmospheric phenomena play a significant role in the design and operation of aerospace vehicles and in the integrity of aerospace systems and elements. The terrestrial environment design criteria guidelines given in this AIAA Guide are based on statistics and mo
46、dels of atmospheric and climatic phenomena relative to various aerospace design, development, and operational issues. The NASA TM revision on which this AIAA Guide is based contains new and updated material in most sections. Aerospace vehicle design guidelines are provided (Annex A) for the followin
47、g environmental phenomena: winds; atmospheric models and thermodynamic properties; thermal radiation; U.S. and world surface extremes; humidity; precipitation, fog, and icing; cloud phenomena and cloud cover models; atmospheric electricity; atmospheric constituents; aerospace vehicle exhaust and tox
48、ic chemical release; tornadoes and hurricanes; geologic hazards; and sea state. Sections 15 and 16 of the NASA TM includes information on mission analysis, prelaunch monitoring, flight evaluation, physical constants, and metric/English unit conversion factors. In general, this document does not spec
49、ify how the designer should use the data in regard to a specific aerospace vehicle design. Such specifications may be established only through the analysis and study of a particular design problem. Although of operational significance, descriptions of some atmospheric conditions have been omitted since they are not of direct concern for an aerospace vehicle systems design, the primary emphasis of this document. Induced environments (vehicle caused) may be more critical than the natural environment for certain vehicle operational situations. In some cases, the combination
