1、AIAA R-092-2-2003 Wind Tunnel Testing - Part 2: Practitioners Vo I u me AIAA R-092-2-2003 Recommended Practice Wind Tunnel Testing - Part 2: Practitioners Volume Sponsor American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Abstract This recommended practice document is the second part of a two-part se
2、ries intended to provide test project management and practitioners with best practices that will maximize data value of wind tunnel test projects. Part I is designed to help managers understand the impact of decision making before and during development of a test project and provides key activities
3、to help improve the timeliness and cost- effectiveness of future wind tunnel test projects. Part II provides those responsible for test execution with best practices to employ when preparing for and implementing tests. AIAA R-092-2-2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Recommended
4、practice : wind tunnel testing. pt. I. Management volume - pt. 2. Practitioners volume. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56347-650-9 (v. 1) - ISBN 1-56347-651 -7 (Electronic) - ISBN 1-56347-652-5 (v. 2) - ISBN 1-56347-653-3 (Electronic) I. Wind tunnels. 2. Aerodynamics-Research-
5、Standards. 3. Wind tunnel models-Testing-Standards. I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. cm. TL567.W5R437 2003 629.13452-d22 2003019165 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 201 91 -4344 Copyright O 2003 American In
6、stitute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights resewed No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ii AIAA R-092-2-2003 CONTENTS Foreword . vi 1
7、 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1 .I 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1 .I 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.1.4 3.2.1.5 3.2.1.6 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 Introduction . 1 Aircraft Program Development 1 Overview . . 2 4 5 Key Actions Throughout All Phases of Test
8、Projects Pretest Planning and Preparation Phase Personnel, Test Requirements, and Facility Selection . Team Participants for Pretest Planning and Preparation Test Requirements 6 Facility Selection 7 . 5 Development and Management of the Project Plan . Test Project Plan Development Requirements State
9、ment 9 Experimental Uncertainty Analysis Risk Identification and Mitigation Safety . 10 Security . 10 Schedule Development and Control . Budget Development and Control Communication and Reporting Test Preparation . Final Instrumentation Requirements . 14 Data Acquisition and Reduction . 14 Calibrati
10、ons . 15 . 8 Basic Work Structure . 9 . 9 Test Project Plan Implementation and Management . . II 12 13 Instrumentation Checks . 15 Information Management 15 Model Development and Fabrication Phase 16 Team Participants for Model Development and Fabrication . 17 17 18 Modelnest Facility Considerations
11、 . Model Configuration Considerations . iii AIAA R-092-2-2003 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.1 O 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8 Detailed Design 19 Model Fabrication 20 Rapid Manufacturing Processes . Virtual Manufacturing . 20 Acceptance Cr
12、iteria and Noncompliance Documentation Instrumentation Installation . 21 .21 Model Acceptance Handling, Packaging, and Shipping . . 22 Pretest Buildup and Preparation Phase 22 Team Participants for Buildup Phase . 22 Model Buildup .23 . 25 Final Test Matrix Review 25 Test Phase 25 Test Team Communic
13、ations .25 . 26 Test Readiness Review . 27 Initial Tunnel Runs 27 Testing Checks and D .28 Planning for Installation in the Test Section . Model Installation and System Checks Data Processing . 29 Cost and Schedule Management Test Efficiency Issues . 29 29 Test Completion Review . .30 Model Removal
14、. . 30 Post-Test Phase . 31 Team Participants During the Post-test Phase 31 . .31 Data . 31 Documentation . 32 . 32 . .34 . 35 37 Annex C Subcontracting Mechanisms for Consideration In Test Projects . 39 Annex D Rapid Manufacturing Techniques .41 .43 References Annex A Example of a work Breakdown St
15、ructure (WBS) for a wind tunnel test project Annex B CostiSchedule Status Report Annex E Issues Affecting Fabrication Cost and Schedule . iv AIAA R-092-2-2003 Figures Figure 1 Major Phases of a Wind Tunnel Test Project 4 Figure 2 Team Makeup During Pretest Buildup . 23 Figure B.l Graphic Presentatio
16、n of Cost/Schedule Status 38 Tables Table 1 2 Table 2 Examples of tests used in a high-performance military aircraft development program 3 Table 3 Examples of Technical Objectives Stated as Top-Level Goals Versus Detailed Requirements. 6 Table B.l Definitions Used in a CostEchedule Status Report . 3
17、7 Table 8.2 Summary of CostlSchedule Status Report 38 Examples of Tests Used in Commercial Aircraft Development Programs V AIAA R-092-2-2003 Foreword The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Ground Test Technical Committee (GTTC) began looking at best practices associated with t
18、est article development as a way to recommend improvements in wind tunnel test efficiency, cost, and cycle time. Early on, it became apparent to the participants of the AIAA working group that trying to separate test article development from overall wind tunnel test process was not a productive and
19、useful activity. The highly integrated nature of the processes, organizations, and personnel involved in wind tunnel test projects require that a broader viewpoint of the wind tunnel test process be evaluated in order to develop successful techniques and methods. The two-part effort, “Recommended Pr
20、actices for Wind Tunnel Testing,” is the result of that evaluation. Part I was written to provide managers with clear insight into achieving technically focused, cost-efficient, low-risk test programs (which contain multiple test projects) that support the development of aerodynamic vehicles and tec
21、hnologies. This recommended-practices document will help managers understand the impact of decision making before and during the development of a test program and will provide key activities to help improve quality, timeliness, and cost-effectiveness of wind tunnel test projects. Part II provides ad
22、ditional detail on successful methods for those directly involved in developing and executing individual tests. Neither volume is intended to be a totally comprehensive document on successful wind tunnel testing. Instead, they represent a compilation of best practices to provide a strong foundation
23、for the successful development of a test program or test effort. While these practices focus on wind tunnel test processes, the information is applicable to many other ground test activities. Mr. Mark Melanson, Chairman Mr. Tom Aiken Mr. Allen Arrington Mr. Chris Athaide Mr. Rene Barakett (Bombardie
24、r Aerospace) Mr. Mark Betzina Ms. Jean Bianco Mr. Jim Brunges Mr. Steve Craft Mr. Roger Crites Mr. Drew Hope Mr. Mark Kammeyer Mr. Ray Knowis Mr. Dan Marren (AEDC White Oak) Ms. Laura McGill (Raytheon Missiles) Mr. Dave Minto Mr. Michel Ouellette (Bombardier Aerospace) Mr. Barry Price (Lockheed Mart
25、in Aeronautics) (NASA Ames Research Center) (QSS Group IncJNASA Glenn Research Center) (Tri Models inc.) (NASA Ames Research Center) (NASA Glenn Research Center) (NASA Langley Research Center) (Boeing Company, St. Louis) (NASA Langley Research Center) (Boeing Company, St. Louis) (Holloman High-speed
26、 Test Track) (NASA Langley Research Center) vi AIAA R-092-2-2003 Mr. AI Roberts Mr. Matt Ruegers Mr. Lew Scherer (Northrop Grumman) Mr. Rob Sheehan (Northrop Grumman) (Tri Models inc.) (Boeing Company, St. Louis) Dr. Frank Stehle (Sverdrup/Jacobs Engr. at Arnold Engineering Development Center) Mr. B
27、ill Straka Mr. Steven Westmore (Penn State University) (Boeing Company, Seattle) The skill and leadership of Mr. Cap Catalanotto was critical to the early activities of this work group. Many others also contributed to this document during its development. The AIAA Standards Procedures provide that a
28、ll standards, recommended practices, and guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the Committee on Standards will not consider patents that may apply to the subject matter. Prospe
29、ctive users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents, copyrights, or both. On the recommendation of the Test Processes Working Group, the following knowledgeable individuals reviewed this document and provided valuable critiques. App
30、roval of the document was unanimous. Mr. Joe Corce Mr. Steven F. Lieberg Mr. Dave Nestoss (Boeing Co., St. Louis) (Boeing Co., Seattle) (Boeing Co, Seattle) Mr. Bill Peters (Sverdrup/Jacobs Engr. at Arnold Engineering Development Center) The AIAA Ground Test Technical Committee (GTTC), Mr. Allen Arr
31、ington, Chairman, approved this document in July 2002. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (Phil Cheney, Chairman) approved this document in September 2003. AIAA R-092-2-2003 1 Introduction The purpose of this recommended practice document is to provide the reader with increased knowledge about pla
32、nning and executing highly successful wind tunnel tests. First, an overview of the test process is provided, giving a general picture of the origin, purpose, and high-level breakdown of activities that are a part of wind tunnel test development and execution. Secondly, detail is added to the overvie
33、w to define the full scope of the activities and key considerations. Finally, recommended practices and lessons learned are described. Part I of this recommended practice looked at test development from a management perspective. This volume (Part Il) will provide additional detail that is more usefu
34、l to participants who develop and execute testing activities. Part II is organized into sections describing activities and best practices during the various stages of test implementation: Program development Pretest planning and preparation Model development and fabrication Pretest buildup and prepa
35、ration Testing Post-test activities Part II of this recommended practice document was assembled with guidance from experts (both industry and government) who are responsible for all aspects of wind tunnel testing. Experts from airframe companies (military and commercial), as well as model makers and
36、 tunnel operators contributed best practices to help guide test personnel through the implementation and execution of a test project. 2 Aircraft Program Development Aircraft designs continually push the state-of-the-art in technology. Advances in materials, instrumentation, and onboard computing wil
37、l continue to allow the design of higher performance, lighter weight aircraft. Consequently, wind tunnel testing has become more sophisticated as demands for improved aircraft performance have increased. Relatively simple aerodynamic tests of early years have broadened to highly specialized testing.
38、 Advances in wind tunnel test facilities and techniques are also impacting testing projects by reducing cycle times and increasing the amount, quality, and versatility of the data collected. As test requirements flow from a programmatic level to the finer detail of individual tests, activities and i
39、ssues associated with the requirements are developed and refined to enable the completion of individual tests. It is often during this flow down that the success or failure of a test effort is determined. 2.1 Overview As used in this document, an aircraft development program refers to the process by
40、 which a new aircraft or major derivative is created-from initial concept to production. The test project is the portion of the development program when testing is conducted. For this document, the test project will focus on a wind tunnel testing activity. Therefore, each test project is an integrat
41、ed and important part of the entire vehicle development program. The phase of a development program has direct bearing on the level of technical requirements for the individual test project. Traditionally, aircraft or technology development programs generally follow three phases: 1 AIAA R-092-2-2003
42、 Low-Speed Force and Moment (High- Lift) Phase 1 is the concept development and risk reduction phase. Initial configuration concepts are evaluated against program goals. Vehicle configurations change quite frequently. Parametric models, with multiple configuration variables, are investigative in nat
43、ure and high-fidelity simulations are usually not required. The purpose at this phase of the program is to select an initial configuration that will meet developmental goals. Phase 2 is the development of the flight vehicle, often referred to as the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) or
44、 Full-Scale Development (FSD) phase. The scope and amount of wind tunnel testing increases dramatically as models are tested throughout the vehicle envelope and simulated flight conditions. Model configurations become more refined as the development phase progresses. Test and model-fidelity requirem
45、ents increase as aerodynamic, propulsion, and aeroelastic goals are met. Phase 3 is the validation phase or production phase. In this phase, the final configuration has or is very close to being frozen, and full-scale production is underway. High-fidelity models with very stringent tolerance require
46、ments are tested to validate aerodynamic, propulsion, and aeroelastic performance predictions. Testing is conducted throughout the proposed flight envelope and flight conditions of the aircraft. Take-off and Landing Performance and Stability and Control 500-1,000 2.2 Test Development Traditional typ
47、es of tests and models used for commercial aircraft development are presented in Table 1 and for military aircraft in Table 2. This document is presented from the perspective of testing that supports aircraft development. Other types of flight vehicles, such as missiles, helicopters, rockets, space
48、re-entry vehicles, and V/STOL aircraft, have developed their own unique testing requirements. Flutter Model (Low- and High-speed) kina Models Powered Models Flutter Clearance 500 kina Effects 500 Integrated Propulsion Effects 500-1,500 High-speed Force and Moment 250-1 500 Isolated Inlets I inlet Pe
49、rformance 500 2 AIAA R-092-2-2003 Take-off and Landing Control Low-Speed Force and Moment (High- Lift) Performance and Stability and Table 2 - Examples of tests used in a high-performance military aircraft development program 500-1,000 High-speed Force and Moment Cruise Performance High Speed Stability and Control 500-1,500 Low-Speed Force and Moment Performance and Stability and High-speed Force and Moment Aero Loads Model Flutter Model (Low- and High-speed) Cruise Performance High-speed Stability and Control Flutter Clearance/Aeroelastic 250-3,500 Structural Loads 300-1,000
