1、 Standard AIAA S-121-2009 Electromagnetic Compatibility Requirements for Space Equipment and Systems AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license a
2、s follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electron
3、ic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. AIAA S-121-2009 Standard Electromagnetic Compatibility Requirements for Space Equipment and Systems Sponsored
4、by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved 4 September 2009 Abstract This document, when followed in its entirety, will yield a robust electromagnetic capability design suitable for high-reliability space missions. This document specifies general design practices and sets recomme
5、nded verification and validation requirements for space vehicles and launch vehicles. AIAA S-121-2009 ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication data on file Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2009 American Inst
6、itute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America AIAA S-121-2009 iii Contents Foreword . ix 1
7、 Scope. 1 2 Tailoring . 1 3 Applicable Documents . 1 4 Vocabulary . 2 4.1 Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms . 2 4.2 Terms and Definitions 4 5 General Requirements . 5 5.1 System . 6 5.2 Units and Subsystems . 6 5.3 Ground Equipment . 6 5.4 Limits . 6 6 Detailed RequirementsSystem . 6 6.1 EMI Safety Mar
8、gins (EMISMs) . 6 6.2 Intrasystem Electromagnetic Compatibility 7 6.3 External Electromagnetic Environment 8 6.4 Lightning 9 6.5 Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) 12 6.6 Subsystems and Equipment Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 12 6.7 Non-Developmental Items (NDI), Government Furnished Equipment (GFE),
9、and Commercial Items . 12 6.8 Magnetic Field Environment 13 6.9 Electrostatic Charge Control 13 6.10 Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards (EMRADHAZ) . 13 6.11 Life Cycle, E3 Hardness 14 6.12 Electrical Bonding 14 6.13 TEMPEST 15 6.14 EM Spectrum Compatibility 15 6.15 System Circuit and Structure Refere
10、nce 15 6.16 Return Current Control. 15 6.17 Wiring. 16 6.18 Material Properties . 16 6.19 Data Formats . 16 6.20 Tailoring Guidance for Contractual Application 16 7 General RequirementsUnits and Subsystems 16 7.1 Filtering (Navy Only) 19 AIAA S-121-2009 iv 7.2 Non-Developmental Items (NDI) 19 7.3 Se
11、lected by Contractor 19 7.4 Procurement of Equipment or Subsystems Having Met Other EMI Requirements 19 7.5 Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) . 19 7.6 Switching Transients 19 7.7 Measurement Tolerances 19 7.8 Ambient Electromagnetic Level . 19 7.9 Power Source Impedance 19 7.10 Input Power Leads
12、. 21 7.11 Susceptibility Monitoring 21 7.12 Detector . 21 7.13 Computer-Controlled Receivers . 21 7.14 Emission Identification . 22 7.15 Frequency Scanning 22 7.16 Emission Data Presentation . 22 7.17 Susceptibility Scanning (Reference 4.3.10.4.1 of MIL-STD-461F) . 22 7.18 Calibration of Measuring E
13、quipment 22 8 Detailed RequirementsUnits and Subsystems . 23 8.1 Operating Modes . 23 8.2 EMI Control Requirements, Intended Installations . 23 8.3 Emission and Susceptibility Requirements, Limits, and Test Procedures 23 8.4 Power Bus Conducted Interference, Load Induced, Frequency Domain . 25 8.5 R
14、F Common Mode Conducted Emissions, Power and Signal Cables . 27 8.6 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal 30 8.7 Conducted Emissions, Differential Mode, Time Domain, Load-Induced Voltage Transients . 30 8.8 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads . 32 8.9 Conducted Susceptibility, Ante
15、nna Port, Intermodulation 34 8.10 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals 34 8.11 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross Modulation . 34 8.12 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Swept Frequency 34 8.13 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection,
16、Impulse Excitation . 35 8.14 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power 35 8.15 Conducted Susceptibility, Ground Plane Injection, Spike 35 8.16 Conducted Susceptibility, Ground Plane Injection, Audio Frequency 37 8.17 Conducted Susceptibility, Ground Plane Injection, Ra
17、dio Frequency 40 8.18 Susceptibility to Switching Transients, Power Leads, Time Domain 41 AIAA S-121-2009 v 8.19 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field 44 8.20 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field . 44 8.21 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz 45 8.22 Radiated Suscep
18、tibility, Magnetic Field . 45 8.23 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field 45 Annex A Requirements Rationale . 47 A.1 General 47 A.2 Tailoring (see Section 2) 47 A.3 System (see Section 5.1) . 47 A.4 Limits (see Section 5.4) . 47 A.5 EMI Safety Margins (see Section 6.1) . 48 A.6 Passive Intermodulat
19、ion (see Section 6.2.1) 49 A.7 Multipaction (see Section 6.2.2) . 49 A.8 Deployment, Staging, and Separation Events (see Section 6.2.3) 50 A.9 Plugs-Out Test (see Section 6.2.4) 50 A.10 RF Front-End Margin Assessment (see Section 6.2.5.1) . 51 A.11 Base Band Margin Assessment (see Section 6.2.5.2) .
20、 51 A.12 External Electromagnetic Environment (see Section 6.3) 51 A.13 Ground Support Equipment (see Section 6.3.1) 52 A.14 Lightning (see Section 6.4) 52 A.15 Magnetic Field Environment (see Section 6.8) 53 A.16 Magnetic Dipole Moment (see Section 6.8.1) 53 A.17 Electrostatic Charge Control (see S
21、ection 6.9) 54 A.18 Triboelectric Charging (see Section 6.9.1) . 54 A.19 Electro-Explosive Devices (see Section 6.9.2) 55 A.20 Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards (EMRADHAZ) (see Section 6.10) . 56 A.21 Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel (HERP) (see Section 6.10.1) . 56 A.22 Hazards of
22、Electromagnetic Radiation to Fuel (HERF) (see Section 6.10.2) . 56 A.23 Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) (see Section 6.10.13) . 56 A.24 Life Cycle, E3 Hardness (see Section 6.11) 56 A.25 Electrical Bonding (see Section 6.12) 56 A.26 Power Current Return Path (see Section 6.12
23、.1) . 57 A.27 Antenna Installations (see Section 6.12.2) . 57 A.28 External Grounds (see Section 6.12.7) 57 A.29 Servicing and Maintenance Equipment Grounds (see Section 6.12.8) 57 A.30 TEMPEST (see Section 6.13) 57 AIAA S-121-2009 vi A.31 EM Spectrum Compatibility (see Section 6.14) 57 A.32 System
24、Circuit and Structure Reference (see Section 6.15) 57 A.33 Return Current Control (see Section 6.16) . 58 A.34 Wiring (see Section 6.17) . 58 A.35 Data Formats (see Section 6.19) . 58 A.36 Tailoring Guidance for Contractual Application (see Section 6.20) 59 A.37 Non-Developmental Items (see Section
25、7.2) . 60 A.38 Selected by Contractor (see Section 7.3) 60 A.39 Measurement Tolerances (see Section 7.7) 61 A.40 Ambient Electromagnetic Level (see Section 7.8) . 61 A.41 Power Source Impedance (see Section 7.9) 62 A.42 Input Power Leads (see Section 7.10) . 62 A.43 Susceptibility Monitoring (see Se
26、ction 7.11) 62 A.44 Thresholds of Susceptibility (see Section 7.11.1) 63 A.45 Detector (see Section 7.12) . 63 A.46 Computer-Controlled Receivers (see Section 7.13) . 64 A.47 Bandwidths (see Section 7.13.1) . 64 A.48 Emission Identification (see Section 7.14) . 64 A.49 Frequency Scanning (see Sectio
27、n 7.15) 64 A.50 Emission Data Presentation (see Section 7.16) . 65 A.51 Susceptibility Scanning (see Section 7.17) 66 A.52 Calibration of Measuring Equipment (see Section 7.18) 66 A.53 Operating Modes (see Section 8.1) . 66 A.54 Power Bus Conducted Interference, Load Induced, Frequency Domain (see S
28、ection 8.4) 66 A.55 Test Technique (see Section 8.4.2.1) 68 A.56 RF Common Mode Conducted Emissions, Power and Signal Cables (see Section 8.5) . 69 A.57 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal (see Section 8.6) 70 A.58 Conducted Emissions, Differential Mode, Time Domain, Load-Induced Voltage Transient
29、s (see Section 8.7) 71 A.59 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads (see Section 8.8) . 72 A.60 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation (see Section 8.9) 74 A.61 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals (see Section 8.10) 74 A.62 Conducted
30、Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross Modulation (see Section 8.11) . 75 A.63 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection (see Section 8.12) 75 A.64 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power (see Section 8.14) 76 A.65 Conducted Susceptibility, Ground Plane Injection,
31、Spike (see Section 8.15) 77 AIAA S-121-2009 vii A.66 Conducted Susceptibility, Ground Plane Injection, Audio Frequency (see Section 8.16) 77 A.67 Conducted Susceptibility, Ground Plane Injection, Radio Frequency (see Section 8.17) 78 A.68 Susceptibility to Switching Transients, Power Leads, Time Dom
32、ain (see Section 8.18) 79 A.69 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field (see Section 8.19) 80 A.70 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field (see Section 8.20) . 81 A.71 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field (see Section 8.22) . 81 A.72 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field (see Section 8.23) 81 Bibliography
33、 . 82 Figures Figure 1 Lightning direct effects environment 11 Figure 2 Lightning indirect effects environment . 12 Figure 3 LISN schematic . 20 Figure 4 LISN impedance 20 Figure 5 Power bus conducted interference limits, load induced, audio frequency, 30 Hz150 kHz . 25 Figure 6 RF conducted emissio
34、n limit curve 26 Figure 7 Common mode CE limit . 27 Figure 8 Measurement system check 28 Figure 9 Measurement setup . 29 Figure 10 DC signal injection . 33 Figure 11 Ground Plane Injection (GPI) spike potential waveform 35 Figure 12 GPI spike test setup 36 Figure 13 Current limit for audio frequency
35、 ground plane injection 38 Figure 14 GPI audio frequency test setup . 39 Figure 15 GPI radio frequency test setup 41 Figure 16 Calibration test setup . 43 Figure 17 Test setup 44 Figure 18 Radiated emissions limit . 44 Figure A.1 Shunt source impedance resulting from the insertion of 10 F feed-throu
36、gh capacitors in power feeder and return . 67 Figure A.2 Verification of adequately stiff source impedance 68 Figure A.3 Load-induced voltage transient switching and test integrity circuit . 72 Figure A.4 Bulk cable injection, tailored limit . 76 Figure A.5 Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoida
37、l transients, tailored limit . 77 Figure A.6 Transient generator schematic (slightly modified solid-state switch from requirement in Figure A.3) 80 AIAA S-121-2009 viii Tables Table 1 EMI safety margins . 7 Table 2 Ground operations through launch and SV/LV separation 9 Table 3 On-orbit . 9 Table 4
38、Lightning stroke waveform parameters . 10 Table 5 Exceptions to MIL-STD-461F Section 4 17 Table 6 Requirement applicability matrix . 24 Table 7 Default requirements 25 Table 8 Radiated emission notches . 45 Table 9 Ground operations through launch and SV/LV separation 46 Table 10 On-orbit . 46 Table
39、 A.1 Multiple scan option . 65 Table A.2 Ground plane injection audio frequency limits for AC power systems . 78 AIAA S-121-2009 ix Foreword This standard has been developed under the sponsorship of the Chief Engineers office of the United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) and
40、under the auspices of the AIAA Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee on Standards. It is one in a series of standards planned to codify industry best practices to ensure the very highest level of performance and reliability for the next generation of high-reliability space systems. It follow
41、s in the footsteps of MIL-STD-1541A, “Electromagnetic Compatibility Requirements for Space Systems and Equipment,” but has been thoroughly updated to reflect current industry design practices. The starting point for this document was “Electromagnetic Compatibility Requirements for Space Systems and
42、Equipment,“ TOR 2005(8583)-1, 8 August 2005, developed by Mark W. Dunbar of the Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering Department, Electronics Engineering Subdivision at The Aerospace Corporation. However, as a result of committee deliberations, this standard draws most of its content from MI
43、L-STD-461F and MIL-STD-464A. Additional requirements deemed necessary for high-reliability space systems have been added by the committee. The intent is to address approximately 80% of space systems. For missions that do not require all the provisions of this standard, or which may need additional r
44、equirements, it is understood that tailoring may be performed to balance performance, risk, and cost to suit the needs of a particular program. The final product reflects the best EMC design and verification practices for high-reliability space systems. At the time of approval, the members of the AI
45、AA EMC Committee on Standards were: David Brumbaugh, Co-Chair The Boeing Company James Lukash, Co-Chair Lockheed Martin Karen Barker Brahe Corporation Leard Bell The Aerospace Corporation Larry Campbell MEI Technologies Joe Chott General Dynamics Mark Dunbar The Aerospace Corporation Glen Gassaway G
46、eneral Dynamics Grant Helling Ball Aerospace electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic vulnerability; electromagnetic pulse; hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning, p-static, and space system charging. Elect
47、romagnetic Interference (EMI) degradation of equipment/subsystem performance due to unintentional electromagnetic interaction with another part of the space system AIAA S-121-2009 5 Electromagnetic susceptibility undesirable unit level response to external electromagnetic stimulus such as external r
48、adiated fields Electromagnetic Vulnerability (EMV) adverse system response to external electromagnetic stimulus such as external radiated fields Equipment/subsystem electrical, electronic, or electromechanical device or integration of such devices intended to operate as an individual unit to perform
49、 a specific set of functions NOTE May consist of several interconnected equipments. Intrasystem interaction between two different subsystems or between equipment of different subsystems that are all part of the same space system, etc. EXAMPLE uncommanded operation of a flight control subsystem due to a radio frequency transmission originating on the same space system Multipaction radio frequency (RF) resonance effect occurring only in a high vacuum where RF field accelerates free electrons resulting in colli
